Other Chemicals

Acetone is the organic compound with the formula OC(CH₃)₂. This colorless, mobile, flammable liquid is the simplest example of the ketones.

Properties:

1. Molecular formula C₃H₆O
2. Molar mass 58.08 g mol−1
3. Appearance colorless liquid
4. Density 0.79 g/cm3
5. Melting point −94.9 °C, 178 K, -139 °F
6. Boiling point  - 56.53 °C, 330 K, 134 °F
7. Solubility in water miscible Acidity (pKa) 24.2 Refractive index (nD) 1.359 (20 °C)
8. Viscosity 0.32 cP (20 °C).

Alum is both a specific chemical compound and a class of chemical compounds. The specific compound is the hydrated aluminium potassium sulfate with the formula KAl(SO₄)₂.12H₂O. The wider class of compounds known as alums have the related stoichiometry, AB(SO₄)₂.12H₂O.

EDTA is a widely used acronym for the chemical compound ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (which has many other names, see Table). EDTA is a polyamino carboxylic acid with the formula [CH₂N(CH₂CO₂H)₂]₂. This colourless, water-soluble solid is widely used to dissolve scale. Its usefulness arises because of its role as a chelating agent, i.e. its ability to "sequester" metal ions such as Ca₂⁺ and Fe₃⁺. After being bound by EDTA, metal ions remain in solution but exhibit diminished reactivity. EDTA is produced as several salts, notably disodium EDTA and calcium disodium EDTA.

Properties;

1. Molecular formula C₆H₆
2. Molar mass 78.11 g mol−1
3. Appearance Colorless liquid
4. Density 0.8786 g/cm3
5. Melting point 5.5 °C, 279 K, 42 °F
6. Boiling point - 80.1 °C, 353 K, 176 °F
7. Solubility in water 0.8 g/L (25 °C)
8. Viscosity 0.652 cP at 20 °C Dipole moment 0 D.

Boric acid, also called boracic acid or orthoboric acid or Acidum Boricum, is a weak acid often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, in nuclear power plants to control the fission rate of uranium, and as a precursor of other chemical compounds. It exists in the form of colorless crystals or a white powder and dissolves in water. It has the chemical formula H₃BO₃, sometimes written B(OH)₃. When occurring as a mineral, it is called sassolite.

Properties:

1. Molecular formula H₃BO₃
2. Molar mass 61.83 g mol−1
3. Appearance white crystalline solid
4. Density 1.435 g/cm3
5. Melting point 170.9 °C
6. Boiling point - 300 °C
7. Solubility in water 2.52 g/100 mL (0 °C), 4.72 g/100 mL (20 °C) solubility soluble in lower alcohols moderately soluble in pyridine
very slightly soluble in acetone acidity (pKa) 9.24.

Butanol or butyl alcohol (sometimes also called biobutanol when produced biologically), is a primary alcohol with a 4 carbon structure and the molecular formula of C₄H₉OH. It belongs to the higher alcohols and branched-chain alcohols.
It is primarily used as a solvent, as an intermediate in chemical synthesis, and as a fuel.

Citric acid is a weak organic acid, and it is a natural preservative and is also used to add an acidic, or sour, taste to foods and soft drinks. In biochemistry, it is important as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle and therefore occurs in the metabolism of virtually all living things. It can also be used as an environmentally benign cleaning agent.

Citric acid exists in greater than trace amounts in a variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably citrus fruits. Lemons and limes have particularly high concentrations of the acid; it can constitute as much as 8% of the dry weight of these fruits (1.44 and 1.38 grams per ounce of the juices, respectively).

The concentrations of citric acid in citrus fruits range from .005 mol/L for oranges and grapefruits to .030 mol/L in lemons and limes.

Properties:

1. Molecular formula C₆H₈O₇
2. Molar mass 192.124 g/mol (anhydrous) 210.14 g/mol (monohydrate) Appearance crystalline white solid
3. Density 1.665 g/cm3
4. Melting point
153 °C
5. Boiling point - decomposes at 175 °C.

We are offering Copper Sulphate that is a chemical compound with the formula CuSO_4. It exists as a series of compounds that differ in their degree of hydration. If mixed with lime, it called Bordeaux mixture and used to control fungus on grapes, melons, and other berries. A dilute solution of copper sulfate is used for the treatment of aquarium fish for various parasitic infections, and is also used to remove snails from aquariums.

Following are some of the chemical specification of various forms of Copper Sulphate:

• The anhydrous form is a pale green or gray-white powder, whereas the pentahydrate, the most commonly encountered salt, is bright blue
• The anhydrous form occurs as a rare mineral known as chalcocyanite
• The hydrated copper sulphate occurs in nature as chalcanthite (pentahydrate), and two more rare ones: bonattite (trihydrate) and boothite (heptahydrate)
• Archaic names for copper(II) sulfate are "blue vitriol" and "bluestone".

Uses:

• Copper sulphate pentahydrate is a fungicide.
• Cheshunt compound, a mixture of copper sulphate and ammonium carbonate used in horticulture to prevent damping off in seedlings.
• Its use as herbicide is not agricultural, but instead for control of invasive exotic aquatic plants and the roots of other invasive plants near various pipes that contain water.
• Copper ions are also highly toxic to the fish, care must be taken with the dosage.
• Most species of algae can be controlled with very low concentrations of copper sulphate.

Cyclohexylamine, also called hexahydroaniline, 1-aminocyclohexane, or aminohexahydrobenzene, is an organic chemical, an amine derived from cyclohexane. It is a clear to yellowish liquid with fishy odor, with melting point of −17.7 °C and boiling point 134.5 °C, miscible with water. Like other amines, it is of mildly alkaline nature, compared to strong bases such as NaOH, but it is a stronger base than its aromatic sister compound aniline, which differs only in that its ring is aromatic. It is flammable, with flash point at 28.6 °C. Explosive mixtures with air can be formed above 26 °C. It is toxic by both ingestion and inhalation; the inhalation itself may be fatal. It readily absorbs through skin, which it irritates. It is corrosive. Cyclohexylamine is listed as an extremely hazardous substance as defined by Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act.

Cyclohexylamine is used as an intermediate in synthesis of some herbicides, antioxidants, accelerators for vulcanization, pharmaceuticals (eg. mucolytics, analgesics, and bronchodilators, corrosion inhibitors, some sweeteners (notably cyclamate), etc.

Diethylene glycol (DEG) is an organic compound described by the structural formula HO-CH₂-CH₂-O-CH₂-CH₂-OH. It is a clear, hygroscopic, odorless liquid. It is miscible with water and polar organic solvents such as alcohols and ethers.

Diethylene glycol should not be confused with the related compound, ethylene glycol, which is the most common glycol used in coolants.

Properties:

1. Molecular formula C₄H₁₀O₃
2. Molar mass 106.12 g/mol
3. Appearance colorless liquid
4. Density 1.118 g/mL
5. Melting point -10.45 °C
6. Boiling point - 244-245 °C
7. Solubility in water miscible.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the chemical compound with the formula (CH₃)₂SO. It was first synthesized in 1866 by the Russian scientist Alexander Zaytsev, who reported his findings in a German chemistry journal in 1867. This colorless liquid is an important polar aprotic solvent that dissolves both polar and nonpolar compounds and is miscible in a wide range of organic solvents as well as water. It has a distinctive property of penetrating the skin very readily, so that one can taste it soon after it comes into contact with the skin. Its taste has been described as oyster- or garlic-like. Other reported side effects include stomach upset, sensitivity to light, visual disturbances, and headache. Skin irritation can develop at the site where DMSO is applied topically.

Properties:

• Molecular formula C₂H₆OS
• Molar mass 78.13 g/mol
• Appearance clear, colorless liquid
• Density 1.1004 g/cm3, liquid
• Melting point
• 18.5 °C (292 K)
• Boiling point - 189 °C (462 K)
• Solubility in water miscible acidity (pKa) 35 Refractive index (nD) 1.479
• εr = 48
• Viscosity 1.996 cP at 20 °C.

Iron(II) sulphate (Iron(II) sulphate) or ferrous sulfate (ferrous sulphate) is the chemical compound with the formula (FeSO₄), known since ancient times as copperas. It is most commonly encountered as the blue-green heptahydrate.

Properties:

• Molecular formula FeSO₄
• Molar mass 151.908 g/mol (anhydrous) ,169.92 g/mol (monohydrate), 278.05 g/mol (heptahydrate)
• Appearance blue/green or white crystals
• Density 2.84 g/cm3 (anhydrous) 1.898 g/cm3 (heptahydrate)
• Melting point 400 °C (decomp)
• Solubility in water 25.6 g/100mL (anhydrous).

Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its formula is HCOOH or CH₂O₂. It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in the venom of bee and ant stings.

In nature, it is found in the stings and bites of many insects of the order Hymenoptera, mainly ants and is also present in stinging nettles[citation needed]. It is also a significant combustion product resulting from alternative fueled vehicles burning methanol (and ethanol, if contaminated with water) when mixed with gasoline. Its name comes from the Latin word for ant, formica, referring to its early isolation by the distillation of ant bodies. A chemical compound such as a salt from the neutralization of formic acid with a base, or an ester derived from formic acid, is referred to as formate (or methanoate). The formate ion has the formula HCOO−.

Properties:

1. Molecular formula CH₂O₂
2. Molar mass 46.03 g mol−1
3. Appearance colorless, fuming liquid
4. Density 1.22 g/mL, liquid Melting point 8.4 °C, 282 K, 47 °F
5. Boiling point - 101 °C, 374 K, 214 °F
6. Solubility in water Miscible Acidity (pKa) 3.744
7. Viscosity 1.57 cP at 26 °C.

Maleic anhydride (cis-butenedioic anhydride, toxilic anhydride, dihydro-2,5-dioxofuran) is an organic compound with the formula C₄H₂O₃. In its pure state it is a colourless or white solid with an acrid odour.

Maleic anhydride was traditionally manufactured by the oxidation of benzene or other aromatic compounds. As of 2006, only a few smaller plants continue to use benzene; due to rising benzene prices, most maleic anhydride plants now use n-butane as a feedstock:2CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃ + 7O₂ → 2C₂H₂(CO)₂O + 8H₂O

Properties:

1. Molecular formula C₄H₂O₃
2. Molar mass 98.06 g/mol
3. Appearance White crystals
4. Density 1.48 g/cm3
5. Melting point 52.8 °C, 326 K, 127 °F
6. Boiling point - 202 °C, 475 K, 396 °F.

Melamine is an organic base and a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. Like cyanamide, it contains 66% nitrogen by mass and, if mixed with resins, has fire retardant properties due to its release of nitrogen gas when burned or charred, and has several other industrial uses.

Melamine is also a metabolite of cyromazine, a pesticide. It is formed in the body of mammals who have ingested cyromazine.[2] It has been reported that cyromazine can also be converted to melamine in plants.[3][4]

Melamine combines with cyanuric acid to form melamine cyanurate, which has been implicated as a contaminant in Chinese exported proteins.

Properties:

1. Molecular formula C₃H₆N₆
2. Molar mass 126.12 g/mol
3. Appearance white solid
4. Density 1574 kg/m3
5. Melting point 345 °C, 618 K, 653 °F
6. Solubility in water 3.240 g/l (20 °C).

Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is an extremely toxic chemical with formula CH₃OH (often abbreviated MeOH). Drinking 10 ml will cause blindness, and as little as 100 ml will cause death, as many unfortunate individuals found out during the Prohibition. It is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colourless, flammable, toxic liquid with a distinctive odor that is very similar to but slightly sweeter than ethanol (drinking alcohol).[1] At room temperature it is a polar liquid and is used as an antifreeze, solvent, fuel, and as a denaturant for ethanol. It is also used for producing biodiesel via transesterification reaction.

Methanol is produced naturally in the anaerobic metabolism of many varieties of bacteria, and is ubiquitous in the environment. As a result, there is a small fraction of methanol vapor in the atmosphere.

Over the course of several days, atmospheric methanol is oxidized by oxygen with the help of sunlight to carbon dioxide and water.

Methanol burns in air forming carbon dioxide and water:2 CH₃OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 4H₂O

A methanol flame is almost colorless in bright sunlight conditions, causing an additional safety hazard around open methanol flames.

Because of its toxic properties, methanol is frequently used as a denaturant additive for ethanol manufactured for industrial uses — this addition of methanol economically exempts industrial ethanol from the rather significant 'liquor' taxes that would otherwise be levied as it is the essence of all potable alcoholic beverages. Methanol is often called wood alcohol because it was once produced chiefly as a byproduct of the destructive distillation of wood.

It is now produced synthetically by a multi-step process: natural gas or coal gas and steam are reformed in a furnace to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide; then, hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases react under pressure in the presence of a catalyst. Methanol is also produced from the gasification of a range of renewable biomass materials, such as wood and black liquor from pulp and paper mills.

Properties:

1. Molecular formula CH4O
2. Molar mass 32.05 g/mol
3. Appearance colorless liquid
4. Density 0.7918 g/cm3
5. Melting point –97 °C, -142.9 °F (176 K).
6. Boiling point - 64.7 °C, 148.4 °F (337.8 K)
7. Solubility in water miscible acidity (pKa) ~ 15.5.

Methyl isobutyl ketone (mibk) is the organic compound with the formula (ch₃)₂chch₂c(o)ch₃. This colourless liquid, a ketone, is widely used as a solvent.

properties:

1. Molecular formula c₆h₁₂o
2. Molar mass 100. 2 g/mol
3. Appearance colorless liquid
4. Density 0. 80 g/ml, liquid
5. Melting point −84. 7 °c
6. Boiling point - 117-118 °c
7. Solubility in water 1. 91 g/100 ml (20 °c)
8. Viscosity 0. 58 cp at 20. 0 °c.

Ethylene glycol (IUPAC name: ethane-1,2-diol) is an organic compound widely used as an automotive antifreeze and a precursor to polymers. In its pure form, it is an odorless, colorless, syrupy, sweet tasting liquid.

Properties:

1. Molecular formula C₂H₆O₂
2. Molar mass 62.068 g/mol
3. Density 1.1132 g/cm³
4. Melting point −12.9 °C (260 K)
5. Boiling point - 197.3 °C (470 K)
6. Solubility in water miscible with water
in all proportions.
7. Viscosity 1.61 × 10−2 N*s / m_2.

Butanone, better known as methyl ethyl ketone or MEK, is an organic compound with the formula CH₃C(O)CH₂CH₃. This colorless liquid ketone has a sharp, sweet odor reminiscent of butterscotch and acetone. It is produced industrially on a large scale, and also occurs in trace amounts in nature.

Properties:

1. Molecular formula C₄H₈O
2. Molar mass 72.11 g/mol
3. Appearance colorless liquid
4. Density 0.8050 g/cm3 Melting point -86 °C, 187 K, -123 °F
5. Boiling point - 79.6 °C, 353 K, 175 °F
6. Solubility in water 27.5 g/100 ml
7. Viscosity 0.43 cP (20 °C).

Octanol is a straight chain fatty alcohol with eight carbon atoms and the molecular formula CH₃(CH₂)₇OH. Although the term octanol usually refers exclusively to the primary alcohol 1-octanol, there are other less common isomers of octanol such as the secondary alcohols 2-octanol, 3-octanol and 4-octanol.

Octanol occurs naturally in the form of esters in some essential oils. The primary use of octanol is in the manufacture of various esters (both synthetic and naturally occurring), such as octyl acetate, which are used in perfumery and flavors. Other uses include experimental medical applications utilizing octanol to control Essential Tremor and other types of involuntary neurological tremors.[1]

Properties:
 
1. Molecular formula C₈H₁₈O
2. Molar mass 130.23 g/mol
3. Density 0.824 g/cm3
4. Melting point -16 °C, 257 K, 3 °F
5. Boiling point - 195 °C, 468 K, 383 °F.

Oxalic acid is the chemical compound with the formula h₂c₂o₄. This dicarboxylic acid is better described with the formula hooccooh. It is a relatively strong organic acid, being about 3,000 times as strong as acetic acid. The di-anion, known as oxalate, is also a reducing agent as well as a ligand in coordination chemistry. Many metal ions form insoluble precipitates with oxalate, a prominent example being calcium oxalate, which is the primary constituent of the most common kind of kidney stones.

Properties:

1. Molecular formula h₂c₂o₄ (anhydrous)
h₂c₂o₄·2h₂o (dihydrate)
2. Molar mass 90. 03 g/mol (anhydrous) 126. 07 g/mol (dihydrate)
3. Appearance white crystals
4. Density 1. 90 g/cm³ (anhydrous) 1. 653 g/cm³ (dihydrate)
5. Melting point 101-102°c (dihydrate).

Tetrachloroethylene, also known under its systematic name tetrachloroethene and many other names, is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl₂C=CCl₂. It is a colourless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence it is sometimes called "dry-cleaning fluid." It has a sweet odor detectable by most people at a concentration of 1 part per million (1 ppm). Worldwide production was about 1 megaton in 1985.[1]

Properties:

1. Molecular formula C₂Cl₄
2. Molar mass 165.8 g/mol
3. Appearance clear, colorless liquid
4. Density 1.622 g/cm3, liquid
5. Melting point −19 °C (254 K)
6. Boiling point - 121.1 °C (394 K)
7. Solubility in water 0.015 g/100 ml (20 °C)
8. Viscosity 0.89 cP at 25 °C.

Thiourea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and hydrogen, with the formula CSN₂H₄ or (NH₂)₂CS. It is similar to urea, except that the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur atom. The properties of urea and thiourea differ significantly because of the relative electronegativities of sulfur and oxygen. Thiourea is a versatile reagent in organic synthesis. "Thioureas" refers to a broad class of compounds with the general structure (R₁R₂N)(R₃R₄N)C=S. Thioureas are related to thioamides, e.g. RC(S)NR₂, where R is methyl, ethyl, etc.

Properties:

1. Molecular formula CH₄N₂S
2. Molar mass 76.12 g/mol
3. Appearance white solid
4. Density 1.405 g/ml
5. Melting point 182 °C, 455 K, 360 °F
6. Solubility in water moderately soluble.

Toluene, also known as methylbenzene, or Toluol, is a clear water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, redolent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene. It is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is widely used as an industrial feedstock and as a solvent. Like other solvents, toluene is also used as an inhalant drug for its intoxicating properties; however this causes severe neurological harm.

Properties:

1. Molecular formula C₆H₅CH₃
2. Molar mass 92.14 g/mol
3. Appearance colorless liquid
4. Density 0.8669 g/mL
5. Melting point −93 °C
6. Boiling point - 110.6 °C
7. Solubility in water 0.47 g/l (20–25°C)
8. Viscosity 0.590 cP at 20°C.

The term xylene or xylol refers to a mixture of three aromatic hydrocarbon isomers which is used as a solvent in the printing, rubber, and leather industries. Xylene is a clear, colorless, sweet-smelling liquid that is very flammable. It is usually refined from crude oil in a process called alkylation. Like other solvents, xylene is also used as an inhalant drug for its intoxicating properties.

The chemical properties differ slightly from isomer to isomer. The melting point is between −47.87 °C (−54.17 °F) (m-xylene) and 13.26 °C (55.87 °F) (p-xylene). The boiling point for each isomer is around 140 °C (284.00 °F). The density is at around 0.87 g/mL (7.26 lb/U.S. gallon or 8.72 lb/imp gallon) and thus is less dense than water. Xylene in air can be smelled at 0.08 to 3.7 parts of xylene per million parts of air (ppm) and can begin to be tasted in water at 0.53 to 1.8 ppm.