Desol is an oily solution for dissolving ear wax with the added advantage of anti bacterial, anti fungal and anaesthetic action.
indications occlusion or partial occlusion of external auditory meatus by either a collection of soft wax or a harder wax plug. Contraindications otitis externa, seborrhoeic dermatitis and eczema affecting the external ear.
dosage approximately 2 to 3 drops should be instilled into the ear with the head inclined or, better still, with the patient lying down. Should the desol tend to run out when the head is held up, a small plug of cotton wool soaked in desol, or smeared with petroleum jelly, could then be applied. Ten to thirty minutes later the softened and disimpacted cerumen can be simply removed by using a probe tipped with cotton wool or by gentle syringing. alternatively, the patient can himself instill the drops (as described above) two to three times a day for a few days in order to loosen the wax. In many cases this procedure is sufficient as frequently the wax will run out of its own accord.
side effects local irritation. Do not apply if the ear drum is perforated. Avoid contact with the eyes
A faster onset of action is the key requirement for drugs that are used to manage pain. Generally, medications for pain relief are available in the form of oral dosage forms, and most commonly as tablets. The ultimate goal of a tablet is to serve as a carrier for a drug to reach the blood stream for distribution to its site of action. After oral ingestion, the drug contained within a tablet reaches the bloodstream in a series of steps. First, the tablet disintegrates in the gastrointestinal (gi) tract into fine particles under the influence of the digestive juice. Then, the drug gets dissolved in the gi fluids. Once the drug is present in the gi fluid in the form of a solution, it has the potential to be absorbed. Absorption occurs across the gi membrane by different mechanisms, chiefly by passive diffusion. Among these many steps, the slowest step that controls the overall rate and extent of absorption of intact drug in the systemic circulation is called the rate limiting step. This rate-limiting step may vary from drug to drug. Thus, for a drug that has a very poor aqueous solubility, the rate at which the drug dissolves in the gi fluid is often the slowest step and therefore exhibits a rate-limiting effect on the drug bioavailability. Improvement in the solubility characteristics of such a drug brings about faster solubility in the gi fluid and hence faster absorption and ultimately faster onset of action. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) remain among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide. Nsaids such as aspirin exerts their actions primarily by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins (pgs). Cyclooxygenase (cox), the key enzyme catalyzing the biosynthesis of pgs, was purified in 1976 and cloned in 1988.
pharmacological classification analgesic and anti-pyretic
pharmacological action acetaminophen (paracetamol) has analgesic and antipyretic effects similar to those of aspirin. However, it has no anti-inflammatory effect and does not share the antirheumatic properties of the salicylates. It is rapidly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract. The concentration in plasma reaches a peak in 30 to 60 minutes and the plasma half-life is about 2 hours after therapeutic doses. It is distributed into most body tissues. It crosses the placenta and is present in breast milk.
indications: for the relief of mild to moderate pain and fever.
contraindications: sensitivity to acetaminophen (paracetamol) severe liver function impairment.
the updated clinician must be conversant with the pharmacology of the various drugs advocated for the therapy of the balance - disorder patient and must be able to make the "right choice" with precision. The choice between anti- cholinergics, antihistaminics, phenothiazines, manoaminergics, benzodiazapines, vasodialators, etc. Should be based on solid pharmacotherapeutic considerations and not made random.
one of the many drugs used in the management of the balance disorder patient is the orally active histamine agonist betahist. It is advocated by some neurotologists (and promoted by pharmaceutical companies) as being specific for meniere's diseases, which grossly limits the use of the drugs in other causes of vertigo since true meniere's disease is a rare entity (even though the diagnosis of meniere's debases is frequently used as a convenient dumping ground for most cases of vertigo). meniere's disease
meniere's disease or meniere's syndrome can be a disabling condition characterised by vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the ear is occurred. The disease is caused by progressive distention of the endolymhatic space of the inner ear due to increased fluid pressure. The disease damages the hair cells in the internal ear responsible for sensing movement and balance.
it is known to be a histamine agonist for whom many clinicians do not prescribe it apprehending gastric side effects. This seriously limits the use of this drug.
pharmacological classification analgesic and antipyretic
phrmacological action brupal has an analgesic and a action. Ibuprofen is non selective cox-2 inhibitor and paracetamol is cox-3 inhibitor which is safe and effective inrelieving pain without having unwanted gastrointestinal side effects
indications brupal kid is indicated for the relief of mild to moderate pain associated with fever.
contraindications brupal kid is contraindicated in patients with the following conditions:- 1 history of severe allergic reaction such as anaphylaxis or angioedema, induced by aspirin or other nsaids, 2 patients sensitive to any of the ingredients
Phrmacological action brupal has an analgesic, anti inflammatory and antipyretic action. Ibuprofen is non selective cox-2 inhibitor and paracetamol is cox-3 inhibitor which is safe and effective inrelieving pain without having unwanted gastrointestinal side effects
indications brupal is indicated for the relief of mild to moderate pain associated with inflammation.
contraindications brupal is contraindicated in patients with the following conditions:- 1 history ol severe allergic reaction such as anaphylaxis or angioedema, induced by aspirin or other nsaids, 2 patients sensitive to any of the ingredients 3 active peptic ulceration. 4 safety in pregnancy and lactation has not been established yet, 5 severe renal function impairment
Antioxidant the substance significantly inhibits rate of oxidation of the molecule and scavanges the oxygenated free radicals by neutralizing them before these free radicals can damage the cells. There are some enzymes produced in the body which are capable to neutralise free radicals they are called antioxidant enzymes. the most important antioxidant enzymes are catalase, glytathion peroxidase, mathionine sulphoxide raductase, superoxide disrnutase some minerals and vitamins play vital role as antioxidant. Mineral such as zinc, selenium and few others act as antioxidant mainly by activating antioxidant enzymes
antidxidant5 available may be divided into natural antioxidants [normally present in the body], and synthetic compound with antioxidant activity.
antihistamines, decongestants, mood elevator and analgesics (systemic} description
antihistamine, decongestant, and analgesic combination are taken by mouth to relieve the sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion ( stuffy nose), fever, headache and aches.
cinnarizine is a centrally acting antihistamine and calcium channel antagonist. Cinnarizine inhibits contractions of vascular smooth muscle cells by blocking calcium channels. cinnarizine increases erythrocyte deformability and decreases blood viscosity in vitro. Cinnarizine inhibits stimulation of the vestibular system. Cinnarizine blocks h1 receptor pathway from the inner ear to cerebellum and treats nausea and vomiting the peak plasma levels of cinnarizine are obtained 1 to 3 hrs after intake. Cinnarizine disappears from plasma with a half-life of 4 hrs. Cinnarizine is completely metabolized. About 1/3 of these metabolites are eliminated in the urine and 2/3 in the faeces. the plasma protein binding of cinnarizine is 91%. domperidone: domperidone is a dopamine-receptor blocking agent. Its action on the dopamine-receptors in the chemo-emetic trigger zone produces an anti-emetic effect. domperidone does not cross the blood-brain barrier to any appreciable degree and so exerts relatively little effect on cerebral dopaminergic receptors. domperidone has been shown to increase the duration of antral and duodenal contractions to increase gastric emptying. domperidone does not alter gastric secretions and has no effect on intracranial pressure or on the cardio-vascular system. domperidone is rapidly absorbed, with peak plasma concentration at approximately1 hour after oral administration. the absolute bio-availability of oral domperidone is low (approximately 15%) due to first – pass hepatic and intestinal metabolism. domperidone is 91 to 93% bound to plasma proteins. The plasma half-life after a single oral dose is 7 to 9 hrs in healthy subjects but is prolonged in patients with severe renal insufficiency. urinary and faecal excretion amount to 31% and 66% of the oral dose resp. The proportion of drug excreted unchanged is small (approximately 1% of urinary and 10% of faecal excretion)
pharmacological classification: antihistaminics, anti-emetics and anti vertigo preparations
pharmacological action: cinnarizine is a centrally acting antihistamine and calcium channel antagonist. Cinnarizine inhibits contractions of vascular smooth muscle cells by blocking calcium channels. cinnarizine increases erythrocyte deformability and decreases blood viscosity in vitro. Cinnarizine inhibits stimulation of the vestibular system. the peak plasma levels of cinnarizine are obtained 1 to 3 hrs after intake. Cinnarizine is completely metabolized. About 1/3 of these metabolites are eliminated in the urine and 2/3 in the faeces. the plasma protein binding of cinnarizine is 91%
composition: vertigon* each uncoated tablet contains: cinnarizine ip…………………. 25 mg
pharmacological classification: antihistaminics, anti-emetics and anti vertigo preparations
pharmacological action: cinnarizine is a centrally acting antihistamine and calcium channel antagonist. Cinnarizine inhibits contractions of vascular smooth muscle cells by blocking calcium channels. cinnarizine increases erythrocyte deformability and decreases blood viscosity in vitro. Cinnarizine inhibits stimulation of the vestibular system. the peak plasma levels of cinnarizine are obtained 1 to 3 hrs after intake. Cinnarizine is completely metabolized. About 1/3 of these metabolites are eliminated in the urine and 2/3 in the faeces. the plasma protein binding of cinnarizine is 91%
composition: each 5 ml contains: ambroxol hydrochloride bp 15mg salbutamol sulphate bp equivalent to salbutamol 1 mg guaifenesin ip 50 mg mentholated syrupy base q. S. colour: sunset yellow fcf
terbutaline has greater selectivity for beta2 adrenoreceptors and is longer acting. It is the only beta2 selection bronchodilator available for parenteral use for emergency treatment of status asthmatics. Terbutaline is incompletely absorbed from gastrointestinal tract and undergoes 40% first-pass metabolism by conjugation in liver. mechanism of action terbutaline selectively stimulates beta2 receptors present in the smooth muscles of bronchi and bronchioles. This activates the enzymes adenyl cyclase leading to formation of intracellular cyclic amp (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) from atp (adenosine triphosphate). Increased intra cellular concentration of cyclic amp produces bronchodilation.
sodium tauroglycocholate sodium tauroglycocholate is the bile salt. Bile is produced in liver and stored in gall blader and from gall blader it comes to duodenum through common bile duct. bile is mainly constituted of (a) bile acid (b) bile salt (c) bile pigments. sodium taurocholate, sodium glycocholate are bile salt. These are sodium salt of taurocholic acid & glycocholic acid respectively. cholic acid (bile acid) is administrated with taurine & glycine hence taurocholic acid and glycocholic acids are formed. Glycine is a simple amino acid, which is synthesized in the body, and taurine is derived from sulphur containing amino acid cysteine. Now this taurocholic or glycocholic acid forms salts with sodium or potassium. sodium tauroglychocolate is a complex of sodium taurocholate and sodium glycocholate and hence is called double bile salt.
COMPOSITION: Each hard gelatin capsule contains Fungal Diastase [ 1:1200) IP 50 mg (Derived from Aspergillus Oryzae) (Digests not less than 60 gm of cooked starch) Pepsin IP 10mg (Digests not less than 30 gm of Coagulated egg albumen) Dried Yeast IP 85 I0 mg Approved colours used in the Capsules shell
Composition of myolaxin - d · methyl salicylate - 20% w/w · capsaicin - 0. 75% w/w (derived from oleoresin capsicum) · menthol - 10% w/w · eucalyptus oil - 5% w/w · camphor oil - 5% w/w · diclofenac diethyl ammonium - 1. 16% w/w (equivalent to diclofenac sodium b. P. - 1. 0%)
diclofenac sodium inhibits the enzyme cyclo oxigenase and enhances the uptake of arachidonic acid into phospolipid pool. The former action stops the production of c. N. Ts - prostaglandin, leucotrine, prostacycline, and the later action limits the availability of arachidonic acid thereby diclofenac sodium is peripherally acting analgesic which is very potent in action.
indications knee joint and neck pain, musculo skeletal pain, arthritic pain, low back pain.
BRUPAL FORTE Each Brupal Forte Tablet contains: Ibuprofen - 400mg + Paracetamol - 50O mg In severe painful condition the treatment can be initiated with Brupal Forte & maintained with Brupal.
PHARMACOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory
PHRMACOLOGICAL ACTION Brupal has an analgesic, anti inflammatory and antipyretic action. Ibuprofen is non selective Cox-2 inhibitor and paracetamol is Cox-3 inhibitor which is safe and effective inrelieving pain without having unwanted gastrointestinal side effects
COMPOSITION & CONCENTRATION: Each 5 ml (one teaspoonful) after reconstitution contains Fungal Diastase (1:1200) IP 50 mg (Derived from Aspergillus Oryzae) (Digests not less than 60 gm of cooked starch) Pepsin (1: 3000) IP I0mg (Digests not less than 30 gm of coagulated egg albumen) Colour: Caramel NF Overages added to compensate for loss on storage
PHARMACOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION Analgesic and Antispasmodic
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION Dicyclomine is a weak antimuscarinic agent with direct antispasmodic action, (Reymolds. 1995; Gilman st ai 1990).Dicyclomine relieves smooth muscle spasms involving the gastrointestinal tract that is associated with irritable bowel syndrome. Paracetamol is an effective analgesic for the treatment of minor, non inflammatory conditions in patients who are prone to gastric & symptoms
INDICATIONS Pipcol tablets are indicated in Colicky condition like urinary spasm and renal colicky. Conditions like urinary spasm and renal colic, Intestinal colic, spasmodic dysmenorrhoea.
COMPOSITION: Each 5 ml contains: Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide IP 10 mg Chlorpheniramine Maleate BP 2 mg Mentholated Syrupy Base q.s. Colour: Sunset Yellow FCF
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