Cobalt octoate is the most active surface drier. Cobalt effects rapid surface drying and is generally used in conjunction with auxiliary driers. It is usually added at 0.05 to 0.4 % based on vehicle solids. It is a strong oxidant It is compatible with all surfaces coating media. Atmospheric humidity does not affect Cobalt drier. This unique feature prevents water vapor present in atmosphere from penetrating the paint film. Cobalt octoate being the most effective drier promotes polymerization of media, hardens the paint film, improves gloss and water resistance and reduces brittleness of film. The careful use of Cobalt octoate gives the paint film a good gloss, free from frosting tendency. This drier is a universal drier, which is essential in all the media and is capable of performing individually giving reasonable properties to the paint film.

In air-drying type insulating varnishes use of Cobalt octoate increases water resistance, but the excessive use of Cobait octoate causes brittleness and early failure of insulation. Cobalt octoate accelerates the catalytic action of Methyl ethyl ketone (M.E.K.) Peroxide to polymerize unsaturated polyester resin.

Specifications:

Metal Content %	Tolerance	Colour	Physical State	Specific Gravity at 300c	Tolerance (%)	Solid Content (%)	Tolerance (%)	Viscosity at 300c. (Sec.)
2	+/-0.20%	Violet	Liquid	0.815	+/-0.020	10.00	+/-3	Max 15
3	+/-0.20%	Violet	Liquid	0.830	+/-0.020	15.00	+/-3	Max 15
6	+/-0.20%	Violet	Liquid	0.880	+/-0.020	30.00	+/-5	Max 15
9	+/-0.20%	Violet	Liquid	0.940	+/-0.020	48.00	+/-5	Max 25
10	+/-0.20%	Violet	Liquid	0.965	+/-0.020	53.00	+/-5	Max 40
11	+/-0.20%	Violet	Liquid	0.990	+/-0.020	58.00	+/-5	Max 75
12	+/-0.20%	Violet	Liquid	1.015	+/-0.020	65.00	+/-5	Max100

Lead is one of the auxiliary driers also called as through drier. Lead octoate is used as active or top drier. It promotes hard, through drying throughout the entire film and also promotes flexibility. In alkyd finishes where fume proof finishes are not specified. Lead is used in combination with Cobalt and Calcium octoate, It is always advisable to use Lead Octoate after the addition of Calcium octoate to eliminate the possibility of reaction of lead with unreacted phthalic anhydride in alkyd media, which could form lead phathlate. In tong oil alkyd medium 0.05 to 2.00% of lead is the usual amount required in conjunction with Cobalt and Calcium soaps. In outside paints and floorfinishes as well as in banking enamels Lead octoate is used with Manganese drier to produce a tough and hard film. In tong oil phenolic resin, lead promotes drying. It is also used in Polyurethane finishes as major auxiliary drier. Lead octoate is the most important auxiliary drier especially in applications where drying is required at low temperatures (less than 10 deg. centigrade.) Different metal concentrations of lead drier such as 18,24,32,36 percentage are used by the paint industry.

Specifications:

Metal Content %	Tolerance	Colour	Physical State	Specific Gravity at 300c.	Tolerance (%)	Solid Content (%)	Tolerance (%)	Viscosity at 300c. (Sec.)
18	+/-0.20%	Pale Yellow	Liquid	0.990	+/-0.020	33.00	+/-5	Max 15
24	+/-0.20%	Pale Yellow	Liquid	1.090	+/-0.020	45.00	+/-5	Max 20
32	+/-0.20%	Pale Yellow	Liquid	1.260	+/-0.020	62.00	+/-5	Max 40
36	+/-0.20%	Pale Yellow	Liquid	1.350	+/-0.020	70.00	+/-5	Max 50

Manganese Octoate is a very stable auxiliary drier. It is an active drier metal and strong oxidant, promotes polymerization to a greater degree than cobalt. It is often used alone in backing finishes and in combination with Lead and Cobalt in air-dry applications. Manganese Octoate is mainly used in exterior paints, floor finishes, backing enamels and in the paints where colour is not a constraint. The dosage of Cobalt octoate can be minimized by using Manganese Octoate as it is capable of replacing Cobait because of its high activity. Manganese Octoate prevents paint film from the wrinkling effect. Manganese Octoate is not recommended in white finishes as it gives a typical tinting effect of its own colour.

Specifications:

Metal Content %	Tolerance	Colour	Physical State	Specific Gravity at 300c.	Tolerance (%)	Solid Content (%)	Tolerance (%)	Viscosity at 300c. (Sec.)
6	+/-0.20%	Reddish Brown	Liquid	0.900	+/-0.020	38.00	+/-5	Max 25
8	+/-0.20%	Reddish Brown	Liquid	0.965	+/-0.020	50.00	+/-5	Max 40
10	+/-0.20%	Reddish Brown	Liquid	1.000	+/-0.020	66.00	+/-5	Max 50

Zirconium Octoate is a very efficient auxiliary drier. It is use in paint media with Cobalt and other auxiliary driers to boost up the performance of paints and varnishes. Zirconium Octoate is the best replacement of Lead octoate when used in combination with Cerium or Calcium octoate in the lead free paint systems.

Zirconium Octoate shows goods gloss retention, colour, and colour retention compared to Lead, but does not perform as well under adverse drying conditions of low temperature and high humidity. Zirconium Octoate is the most useful drierfor water resistant finishes due to its stabilizing effect on the ester linkages inthe media.

As a strong cross-linking agent, Zirconium improves the hardness and gives better adhesion. Because of its abrasion resistant characteristics it is used in wire enamels. In alkyd amino combinations, Zirconium Octoate has been proved to be the best auxiliary drier, which resists absorption and improves the performance of other driers used in combination with it. It has a good effect in epoxy esters too. But in the phenolic resin media, Zirconium has not shown any significant effect. Zirconium Octoate is widely used in white paints in combination with Cobalt and Cerium octoate as it reduces the yellowing tendency of the white film and retains the whiteness by protecting the film from any weather effects. Lead octoate is not recommended inthe white paint when Zirconium Octoate is used as an auxiliary drier.

Specifications:

Metal Content %	Tolerance	Colour	Physical State	Specific Gravity at 300c.	Tolerance (%)	Solid Content (%)	Tolerance (%)	Viscosity at 300c. (Sec.)
6	+/-0.30%	Pale Yellow	Liquid	0.870	+/-0.020	20.00	+/-5	Max 15
12	+/-0.30%	Pale Yellow	Liquid	0.970	+/-0.020	40.00	+/-5	Max 15
18	+/-0.30%	Pale Yellow	Liquid	1.090	+/-0.020	60.00	+/-5	Max 20

Zinc Octoate is an auxiliary drier used as a pigments dispersing agent. The pigment such as titanium dioxide and carbon black have the tendency to absorb driers which reduces loss or effect of drying rate.

The absorption of driers in pigments can be reduced by grinding the pigments with Zinc Octoate to retain the drying capacity of the paint media. The preparation of paints based on high viscosity media which may have only limited solubility in the solvent employed, Zinc Octoate should be used before the addition of pigment as well as other drier combinations. Zinc Octoate prevents the paint film from webbing and frosting effects. The use of Zinc Octoate is not suggested with dehydrated castor oil media and tong oil media because these driers may produce bloom and reduce gloss of the film.

Specifications:

Metal Content %	Tolerance	Colour	Physical State	Specific Gravity at 300c.	Tolerance (%)	Solid Content (%)	Tolerance (%)	Viscosity at 300c. (Sec.)
6	+/-0.20%	Pale Yellow	Liquid	0.860	+/-0.020	25.00	+/-5	Max 15
12	+/-0.20%	Pale Yellow	Liquid	0.950	+/-0.020	50.00	+/-5	Max 20
18	+/-0.20%	Pale Yellow	Liquid	1.070	+/-0.020	72.00	+/-5	Max 50

This is a clear, nearly colourless high purity liquid drier with an excellent activity and compatibility. Calcium Octoate is an important auxiliary drier. It is used in combination with Lead and Cobalt octoate, mainly in alkyd finishes.

Calcium Octoate prevents the formation of lead haze in clear medium. Alkyd resin paints and varnishes containing Lead drier may become cloudy during the storage due to precipitation of insoluble Lead phathalate. This defect can be markedly reduced or eliminated by including a fairly substantial proportion of Calcium Octoate in the drier mixture.

Calcium used in conjunction with Cobalt increases the efficiency of Cobalt drier in the paint medium. Calcium Octobate is an important auxiliary drier which eliminates hazing, blooming, clouding of the finishes and keeps them clean and shiny. Calcium Octoate suppresses the gas checking effect and wrinkling effect in the alkyd finishers where Cobalt and Lead driers are used in combination with Manganese octoate.

Specifications:

Metal Content %	Tolerance	Colour	Physical State	Specific Gravity at 300c.	Tolerance (%)	Solid Content (%)	Tolerance (%)	Viscosity at 300c. (Sec.)
3	+/-0.20%	Pale Yellow	Liquid	0.840	+/-0.020	15.00	+/-5	Max 15
5	+/-0.20%	Pale Yellow	Liquid	0.870	+/-0.020	25.00	+/-5	Max 20
10	+/-0.30%	Pale Yellow	Liquid	0.985	+/-0.020	50.00	+/-5	Max 20

Cerium (Rare earth) is a primary drier, promotes polymerisation and imparts through drying property. In alkyd based varnishes Rare Earth Cerium is more active as compared to lead. In contrast with lead driers Rare Earth Cerium dose not cause turbidity in oils and alkyd based varnishes.

It has a synergistic effect when used in combination with Cobalt resulting in the need for using a lower percentage of Cobalt and thereby offering an economy. In air-drying white colourless or clear or pastel shades care must be taken to predetermine the quantity required to obtain satisfactory drying in order to avoid yellowing. As a replacement to lead, Cerium finds use in lead-free composition and where sulphur containing pigments are used. It also resists atmospheric hydrogen sulphide stain.

Specifications:

Metal Content %	Tolerance	Colour	Physical State	Specific Gravity at 300c.	Tolerance (%)	Solid Content (%)	Tolerance (%)	Viscosity at 300c. (Sec.)
6	+/-0.20%	Greenish Yellow	Liquid	0.870	+/-0.020	26.00	+/-5	Max 20
12	+/-0.20%	Greenish Yellow	Liquid	0.990	+/-0.020	53.00	+/-5	Max 50

BARIUM OCTOATE:

Metal Content %	Tolerance	Colour	Physical State	Specific Gravity at 300c.	Tolerance (%)	Solid Content (%)	Tolerance (%)	Viscosity at 300c. (Sec.)
8	+/-0.20%	Pale Yellow	Liquid	0.900	+/-0.020	30.00	+/-5	Max 30
12.5	+/-0.20%	Pale Yellow	Liquid	0.975	+/-0.020	48.00	+/-5	Max 40

POTASSIUM OCTOATE:

Metal Content %	Tolerance	Colour	Physical State	Specific Gravity at 300c.	Tolerance (%)	Solid Content (%)	Tolerance (%)	Viscosity at 300c. (Sec.)
15	+/-0.20%	Pale Yellow	Liquid	1.060	+/-0.020	80.00	+/-5	Max 200

MEK Oxime (Anti Skinning Agent)

Colour                                  - Colourless Liquid
Distillation Range                - 145 ⁰ C to 155 ⁰ C
Refractive Index                   - 1.430 to 1.450
Specific Gravity @30 ⁰ C     - 0.920 +/- 0.020
Moisture Content                 - Max 0.5 %

IRON OCTOATE:

Metal Content %	Tolerance	Colour	Physical State	Specific Gravity at 300c.	Tolerance (%)	Solid Content (%)	Tolerance (%)	Viscosity at 300c. (Sec.)
4	+/-0.20%	Reddish Brown	Liquid	0.875	+/-0.020	30.00	+/-5	Max 20
6	+/-0.20%	Reddish Brown	Liquid	0.920	+/-0.020	43.00	+/-5	Max 20

Metal carboxylate stabilizers are mixtures based on salts of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids and sometimes of alkylphenols with Barium, Cadmium, Zinc and Calcium in different proportions.Often stearic or lauric acid are used for solid, unsaturated or short-chain acids, alkylbenzoic acids as well as alkylphenols, for liquid systems.

Carboxylates are mostly used in combination. Barium compounds with Zinc or Cadmium compounds and Calcium with Zinc compounds, as these are synergistic thermostabilizers. Cadmium or Zinc carboxylates give good initial colour but poor long-term stability whereas Barium and Calcium compound show the opposite behaviour. Suitable combinations, e.g. barium/cadmium carboxylates or Calcium/Zinc carboxylates provide good initial colourtogether with good long-term stability.

Metal carboxylate stabilizers must be chosen which are appropriate to the PVC type, the numerous formulation variations, including the use of plasticizers and fillers and the processing techniques such as calendering, extrusion, injection moulding, plastisol processing. Additionally, the demands made of the end product, for example high transparency, weathering stability, resistance to discoloration owing to sulphur compounds, plate out and fogging control, ease of printing and welding must be considered. This is the reason why so many different Metal carboxylate stabilizers are in the market, and why they are all dissimilar.

Barium-Cadmium & Barium-Cadmium-Zinc Stabilizers

Barium/cadmium carboxylates are among the oldest PVC stabilizers
Liquid Barium/cadmium stabilizers with less than 5% cadmium content were developed more than 30 years ago for the stabilisation of plasticized PVC. They contained a large amount of solvent. At the beginning of 1970s it was possible to manufacture self-lubricating liquid Ba/Cd stabilizers. At the same time, by using long-chain fatty acids it was possible to reduce the solvent content. These stabilizers often contain a small amount of Zinc compounds to give an improvement in initial colour. Furthermore, addition of Zinc carboxylate lowers the sensitivity to discoloration caused by the sulphur-containing substances in the atmosphere. In comparison with the first generation stabilizers, these new stabilizers have improved plate out behaviour.

Liquid Ba-Cd and Ba-Cd-Zn are widely used in Extrusion, Calendering and Injection mouding of flexible & semi-rigid PVC as well as for various kinds of plastisol processing. Decorative furniture and agricultural films are manufactured by calendering, solid articles and tubing by extrusion, and sandals and shoe-soles by injection moulding and top coating of floor covering by plastisol processing.

• 'PATSTAB' range of these stabilizes offers the PVC processor good early colour, excellent clarity and good thermal stability coupled with low plate out characteristics when suitably formulated.
• PATSTAB 101 (Ba/Cd): Is an economic stabilizer having good balance of initial clarity and long term colour stability. Patstab 101 gives good cost effective performance for general purpose extrusion and injection moulding. Eg.Complete foot wears soles.
• PATSTAB 102 (Ba/Cd): Is a cost-effective stabilizer with initial clarity and long term stability superior to Patstab 101. This grade is well suited for both extrusion and injection moulding and can also be used to advantage for production of high quality shoe soles.
• PATSTAB 103 (Ba/Cd): Is a general purpose stabilizer with good early colour, colourhold and good stability. This grade is well suited for a wide range of flexible PVC formulations, used for extrusion, injection moulding applications.

• PATSTAB 104 (Ba/Cd): With early colour and long range stability superiorto Patstab 103, this grade is particularly suited for general purpose calendering and extrusion formulation.
• PATSTAB 105 (Ba/Cd): Is the grade with outstanding early colour, excellent colourhold over a longer period of time and long range stability. This grade is well suited for applications requiring high clarity whilst using formulations based on suspension PVC, eg. Extruded tubing.
• PATSTAB 106 (Ba/Cd): Is a stabalizer with excellent early colour and clarity and excellent long range stability superior to Patstab 105. This grade is well suited for suspension resin based formulations. Eg: calendered crystal clear film.
• PATSTAB 201 (Ba/Cd/ Zn): Offers outstanding early colour characteristics coupled with long term stability, ideally suited for calendering and extrusion applications.
• PATSTAB 202 (Ba/Cd/Zn): Whilst very similar to Patstab 201 in respect of early colour and long term stability, this product offers the customer economic advantages.
• PATSTAB 203,204 & 207 (Ba/Cd/Zn): With good initial colour and high stability, these economic grades are well suited for extrusion, injection moulding & plastisol applications.
• PATSTAB 205 (Ba/Cd/Zn): Is a well-suited grade for applications requiring excellent outdoor weathering characteristics. Eg: Plastisol coil coating and Tarpaulins.
• PATSTAB 206 (Ba/Cd/Zn): Has the best initial colour and excellent clarity of all the grades and is well suited for exacting extrusion and calendering applications.

Note: -Please contact usfor tailor-made grades to suit specific requirements.

Barium-Zinc Stabilizers:
Barium/Zinc stabiliser systems have undergone a major increase in importance over the last decade because they form an alternative to Cadmium containing stabilizers for plasticized PVC. At present the liquid Ba/Zn type stabilizers are more prevalent than powder forms. The maior field of application is in calendering and plasticized and semi-rigid PVC and in plastisols. Liquid Ba/Zn stabilizers have appeared which are fully equivalent to the liquid Ba/Cd type with regard to the transparency of end products, compatibility with current plasticizers, which almost match the thermo stability characteristics of the latter. Care must be taken to see that "Zinc-sensitive" types of PVC are not chosen for these applications.

These notable advances can be traced back to the fact that the effectiveness of Ba/Zn carboxylates can be considerably enhanced by the addition of metal-free costabilizers. The development of suitable Ba/Zn systems has really encouraged plasticized PVC processor to eliminate Cadmium from their products. In many countries PVC pastes are processed using mainly Ba/Zn stabilizers.

PVC plastisols stabilised with Ba/Zn compounds are used for the manufacture of artificial leathers, floor coverings, carpets, tarpaulins etc.

Liquid Ba/Zn stabilizers are used for the manufacture of calendered, plasticized and rigid PVC films. High transparency of clear films and outstanding initial colour of white pigmented films can be achieved with such systems. Combination with epoxidised soybean oil and light stabilizers produces good weathering resistance similar to that obtained with Cd-containing stabilizers. Ba/Zn stabilizers can also be used in extrusion and injection moulding, predominantly of plasticized PVC.

MALDEEP offers different grades of Ba/Zn stabilizer systems as:

• PATSTAB 301 (Ba/Zn): A grade with outstanding early colour and long range colour characteristics well suited for extrusion and calendering applications.
• PATSTAB 302 (Ba/Zn): Similar to Patstab 301 with extra Zinc. In characteristics this grade is also recommended for same applications.
• PATSTAB 303 (Ba/Zn): An economic grade with good initial clarity and long range stability is recommended for the general purpose extrusion, calendering & plastisol application.
• PATSTAB 304 (Ba/Zn): Is an economic grade which has good initial colour and long range stability and is recommended for piastisol application.
• PATSTAB 305 (Ba/Zn): A grade specially developed for foam leather cloth, wallpaper and floor covering, the product is an efficient stabilizer-kicker and can be used in replacement of the familiar Cadmium-Zinc systems.

Note:- Please contact us for tailor-made grades to suit specific requirements.

Calcium – Zinc Stabilizers

Ca/Zn stabilizers are less effective than Ba/Zn and Ba/Cd systems.  However the two almost non-toxic components Calcium and Zinc are permitted worldwide for stabilizing nontoxic PVC articles (Packaging materials, Toys and Bottle seals). Permitted costabilizers can also be used to enhance the effectiveness of such systems.

The performance of Calcium and Zinc carboxylates can be improved by the addition of epoxy plasticizers, polyols, phosphites, and other costabilizers.

MALDEEP offers the following grades of Ca/Zn:

• PATSTAB 401 : Is a Ca/Zn based stabilizer system recommended for spread coating extrusion and rotational/dip moulding applications.
• PATSTAB 402 : Offers good initial colour  & good stability. Recommended for general purpose application.

Note:- Please contact us for tailor-made grades to suit specific requirements.

Barium-Lead Stabilizers

Liquid Ba/Pb stabilizer systems are economic compared to liquid Ba/Cd and liquid Ba/Cd and liquid Ba/Cd/Zn systems. They are often used on the grounds of economy.

MALDEEP offers the following grades of Ba/Pb:

• PATSTAB 501 & 502 (Ba/Pb) : Are recommended for general purpose extruded hoses and injection moulded foot wear applications. Both provide reasonably good clarity and are suitable for both extrusion and injection moulding.

Cadmium – Zinc & Pottassium – Zinc Stabilizers (Kicker)

Production of foamed PVC articles by regulated decomposition of chemical blowing agent such as azodicarbonamide is well known. Application include PVC flooring, PVC wall covering and a variety of supported and unsupported sheeting.

The decomposition temperature of azodicarbonamide by itself is over 2000 c, which is above the normal processing temperature of PVC. However by usage of suitable activators the decomposition temperature could be substantially reduced to facilitate smooth processing of PVC.

MALDEEP offers a range of Cd/zn and K/Zn based Liquid Stabilizer System also known as Kickers, which apart from stabilizing function,also act as activator for chemically foamed PVC.

• PATSTAB 601 : Is a stabilizer activator of Cd/Zn type which is medium / fast kicker with constant activation of the blowing agent.
• PATSTAB 602 : Is a fast kicker of the Cd/Zn type of fering earlier activation of the blowing agent.
• PATSTAB 603: Is another Cd/Zn based stabilizer activator which offers slow kicking and is used when a lower rate of gas evolution is required.
• PATSTAB 701: Is a Cadmium free,K/Zn type kicker system which is fast and offers early activation.

Copper Naphthanate is a high performance specially drier having specific use in paint and other saturated and unsaturated ester media. Copper Naphthanate is widely used in marine paints because of its fungicidal and anti-fouling proper ties. In the presence of seawater, the Copper Naphthanate hydrolyzes slowly and produces Copper hydroxide and a complex of octoate. Copper hydroxide acts as toxicant and prevents the ship bottom from any bacterial or fungicidal settlements.

It is used in wood protective lacquers as it prevents rotting and mildew growth on timber. Its insecticidal property protects timber from termites, beetles and many other insects. It is also used in unsaturated polyester resin to improve the properties.

Specifications:

Metal Content %	Tolerance	Colour	Physical State	Specific Gravity at 300c.	Tolerance (%)	Solid Content (%)	Tolerance (%)	Viscosity at 300c. (Sec.)
6	+/-0.20%	Dark Green	Liquid	0.900	+/-0.020	38.00	+/-5	Max 20
8.5	+/-0.20%	Dark Green	Liquid	0.955	+/-0.020	55.00	+/-5	Max 30
10	+/-0.20%	Dark Green	Liquid	0.995	+/-0.020	65.00	+/-5	Max 30