Neiss Labs Limited

aciclovir cream contains the active ingredient aciclovir, which is an antiviral medicine. It is used to treat skin infections with the herpes simplex virus, for example cold sores and genital herpes (caused by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2). Aciclovir works by stopping the herpes simplex virus from reproducing and infecting more cells.

• genital herpes (herpes simplex infection).
• cold sores (herpes simplex infection).

it is effective (first line of treatment) against:

• flatworms
  • flukes/trematodes
  • tapeworm/cestodes
    • echinococcosis
• nematodes
  • hookworms
  • roundworms
  • whipworms
  • threadworms or pinworms

albendazole is an orally administered broad-spectrum anthelmintic.

it is effective (first line of treatment) against:

• flatworms
  • flukes/trematodes
  • tapeworm/cestodes
    • echinococcosis
• nematodes
  • hookworms
  • roundworms
  • whipworms
  • threadworms or pinworms

for the treatment of cystic hydatid disease of the liver, lung, and peritoneum, caused by the larval form of the dog tapeworm, echinococcus granulosus.

Alpha Beta Arteether Injection is meant for the dependable treatment of Falciparum Malaria. The α-β Arteether 150mg/ 2ml Injection is required for the sure and effective guard against Falciparum Malaria. 

Characteristics:

·                  Highly effective against severe & complicated MALARIA

·                  Checks cerebral MALARIA also

·                  Ensures rapid control of FALCIPARUM MALARIA

amikacin sulfate injection is indicated in the short-term treatment of serious infections due to susceptible strains of gram-negative bacteria, including pseudomonas species, escherichia coli, species of indole-positive and indole-negative proteus, providencia species, klebsiella-enterobacter-serratia species, and acinetobacter (mima-herellea) species.

in certain severe infections such as neonatal sepsis, concomitant therapy with a penicillin-type drug may be indicated because of the possibility of infections due to gram-positive organisms such as streptococci or pneumococci.

amikacin sulfate injection is indicated in the short-term treatment of serious infections due to susceptible strains of gram-negative bacteria, including pseudomonas species, escherichia coli, species of indole-positive and indole-negative proteus, providencia species, klebsiella-enterobacter-serratia species, and acinetobacter (mima-herellea) species.

in certain severe infections such as neonatal sepsis, concomitant therapy with a penicillin-type drug may be indicated because of the possibility of infections due to gram-positive organisms such as streptococci or pneumococci.

amikacin sulfate injection is indicated in the short-term treatment of serious infections due to susceptible strains of gram-negative bacteria, including pseudomonas species, escherichia coli, species of indole-positive and indole-negative proteus, providencia species, klebsiella-enterobacter-serratia species, and acinetobacter (mima-herellea) species.

in certain severe infections such as neonatal sepsis, concomitant therapy with a penicillin-type drug may be indicated because of the possibility of infections due to gram-positive organisms such as streptococci or pneumococci.

aminophylline opens breathing passages in the lungs. It is used to treat breathing problems such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

·        amlodipine is indicated for the treatment of hypertension. It may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents.

·        amlodipine is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of chronic stable angina. Amlodipine may be used alone or in combination with other antianginal agents.

·        amlodipine is indicated for the treatment of confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina. Amlodipine may be used as monotherapy or in combination with other antianginal drugs.

·        in patients with recently documented cad by angiography and without heart failure or an ejection fraction <40%, amlodipine is indicated to reduce the risk of hospitalization due to angina and to reduce the risk of a coronary revascularization procedure.

amlodipine (as besylate, mesylate or maleate) is a long-acting calcium channel blocker (dihydropyridine class) used as an anti-hypertensive and in the treatment of angina. Like other calcium channel blockers, amlodipine acts by relaxing the smooth muscle in the arterial wall, decreasing total peripheral resistance and hence reducing blood pressure; in angina it increases blood flow to the heart muscle.

• hypertension
• angina pectoris

amlodipine is the besylate salt of amlodipine, a long-acting calcium channel blocker.

amlodipine is indicated for the treatment of hypertension. It may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents.

amlodipine is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of chronic stable angina. Amlodipine may be used alone or in combination with other antianginal agents.

amlodipine is indicated for the treatment of confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina. Amlodipine may be used as monotherapy or in combination with other antianginal agents.

in patients with recently documented cad by angiography and without heart failure or an ejection fraction < 40%, amlodipine is indicated to reduce the risk of hospitalization due to angina and to reduce the risk of a coronary revascularization procedure.

amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, β-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. It is usually the drug of choice within the class because it is better absorbed, following oral administration, than other β-lactam antibiotics. It is also a treatment for cystic acne.

amoxicillin is susceptible to degradation by β-lactamase-producing bacteria, and so may be given with clavulanic acid to decrease its susceptibility.

cloxacillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic in the same class as penicillin. Cloxacillin is used against staphylococci that produce beta-lactamase, due to its large r chain which doesn't allow the beta-lactamases to bind. This drug has a weaker antibacterial activity than benzylpenicillin, and is devoid of serious toxicity except for allergic reactions.

amoxicillin is indicated in the treatment of infections due to susceptible (only β-lactamase- negative) strains of the designated microorganisms in the conditions listed below:

infections of the ear, nose, and throat - due to streptococcus spp. (α- and β-hemolytic strains only), s. Pneumoniae , staphylococcus spp. , or h. Influenzae.

infections of the genitourinary tract - due to e. Coli, p. Mirabilis, or e. Faecalis.

infections of the skin and skin structure - due to streptococcus spp. (α- and β-hemolytic strains only), staphylococcus spp. , or e. Coli.

infections of the lower respiratory tract - due to streptococcus spp. (α- and β-hemolytic strains only), s. Pneumoniae, staphylococcus spp. , or h. Influenzae.

gonorrhea, acute uncomplicated (ano-genital and urethral infections) - due ton. Gonorrhoeae (males and females).

h. Pylori eradication to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence

amoxicillin is indicated in the treatment of infections due to susceptible (only β-lactamase- negative) strains of the designated microorganisms in the conditions listed below:

infections of the ear, nose, and throat - due to streptococcus spp. (α- and β-hemolytic strains only), s. Pneumoniae , staphylococcus spp. , or h. Influenzae.

infections of the genitourinary tract - due to e. Coli, p. Mirabilis, or e. Faecalis.

infections of the skin and skin structure - due to streptococcus spp. (α- and β-hemolytic strains only), staphylococcus spp. , or e. Coli.

infections of the lower respiratory tract - due to streptococcus spp. (α- and β-hemolytic strains only), s. Pneumoniae, staphylococcus spp. , or h. Influenzae.

gonorrhea, acute uncomplicated (ano-genital and urethral infections) - due ton. Gonorrhoeae (males and females).

h. Pylori eradication to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence

the use of this antibiotic may lead to the appearance of resistant strains of organisms and sensitivity resting should, therefore, be carried out wherever possible, to ensure the appropriateness of the therapy.
infections caused by susceptible organisms where a mixed infection is present and includes penicillin-resistant staphylococci.

ampicillin capsules is indicated in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organism listed below:

infections of the genitourinary tract including gonorrhea: e. Coli, p. Mirabilis, enterococci, shigella, s. Typhosa and other salmonella, and nonpenicillinase-producing n. Gononhoeae.

infections of the respiratory tract: nonpenicillinase-producing h. Influenzae and staphylococci, and streptococci including streptococcus pneumoniae.

infections of the gastrointestinal tract: shigella, s. Typhosa and other salmonella, e. Coli, p. Mirabilis, and enterococci.

meningitis: o. Meningitides.

bacteriology studies to determine the causative organisms and their sensetivity to ampicillin should be performed. Therapy may be instituted prior to the results of susceptibility testing.

ampicillin capsules is indicated in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organism listed below:

infections of the genitourinary tract including gonorrhea: e. Coli, p. Mirabilis, enterococci, shigella, s. Typhosa and other salmonella, and nonpenicillinase-producing n. Gononhoeae.

infections of the respiratory tract: nonpenicillinase-producing h. Influenzae and staphylococci, and streptococci including streptococcus pneumoniae.

infections of the gastrointestinal tract: shigella, s. Typhosa and other salmonella, e. Coli, p. Mirabilis, and enterococci.

meningitis: o. Meningitides.

bacteriology studies to determine the causative organisms and their sensetivity to ampicillin should be performed. Therapy may be instituted prior to the results of susceptibility testing.

ampicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic that has been used extensively to treat bacterial infections. Ampicillin is used for treating infections of the middle ear, sinuses, stomach and intestines, bladder, and kidney caused by susceptible bacteria. It also is used for treating uncomplicated gonorrhea, meningitis, endocarditis and other serious infections.

severe malaria including cerebral malaria and as a second line treatment in chloroquineresistant falciparum malaria.

Atenolol is indicated in the management of hypertension.

Atenolol is indicated for the long-term management of patients with angina pectoris.

Atenolol is indicated in the management of hemodynamically stable patients with definite or suspected acute myocardial infarction to reduce cardiovascular mortality.

atenolol  is a selective β₁ receptor antagonist, a drug belonging to the group of beta blockers (sometimes written β-blockers), a class of drugs used primarily in cardiovascular diseases.

atenolol is indicated in the management of hypertension. It may be used alone or concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents, particularly with a thiazide-type diuretic.

atenolol is indicated for the long-term management of patients with angina pectoris.

atenolol is indicated in the management of hemodynamically stable patients with definite or suspected acute myocardial infarction to reduce cardiovascular mortality. Treatment can be initiated as soon as the patient's clinical condition allows.

atorvastatin is a synthetic lipid-lowering agent. Atorvastatin is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a (hmg-coa) reductase. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of hmg-coa to mevalonate, an early and rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis.

atorvastatin is indicated:

• as an adjunct to diet to reduce elevated total-c, ldl-c, apo b, and tg levels and to increase hdl-c in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia (heterozygous familial and nonfamilial) and mixed dyslipidemia (fredrickson types iia and iib);
• as an adjunct to diet for the treatment of patients with elevated serum tg levels (fredrickson type iv);.
• for the treatment of patients with primary dysbetalipoproteinemia (fredrickson type iii) who do not respond adequately to diet; .
• to reduce total-c and ldl-c in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia as an adjunct to other lipid-lowering treatments (e. G. , ldl apheresis) or if such treatments are unavailable;.
• as an adjunct to diet to reduce total-c, ldl-c, and apo b levels in boys and postmenarchal girls, 10 to 17 years of age, with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia if after an adequate trial of diet therapy the following findings are present:
  1. ldl-c remains ≥ 190 mg/dl or
  2. ldl-c remains ≥ 160 mg/dl and:

•  
  •  
    • there is a positive family history of premature cardiovascular disease or
    • two or more other cvd risk factors are present in the pediatric patient

atorvastatin is a synthetic lipid-lowering agent. Atorvastatin is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a (hmg-coa) reductase. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of hmg-coa to mevalonate, an early and rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis.

atorvastatin is indicated:

• as an adjunct to diet to reduce elevated total-c, ldl-c, apo b, and tg levels and to increase hdl-c in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia (heterozygous familial and nonfamilial) and mixed dyslipidemia (fredrickson types iia and iib);
• as an adjunct to diet for the treatment of patients with elevated serum tg levels (fredrickson type iv);.
• for the treatment of patients with primary dysbetalipoproteinemia (fredrickson type iii) who do not respond adequately to diet; .
• to reduce total-c and ldl-c in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia as an adjunct to other lipid-lowering treatments (e. G. , ldl apheresis) or if such treatments are unavailable;.
• as an adjunct to diet to reduce total-c, ldl-c, and apo b levels in boys and postmenarchal girls, 10 to 17 years of age, with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia if after an adequate trial of diet therapy the following findings are present:
  1. ldl-c remains ≥ 190 mg/dl or
  2. ldl-c remains ≥ 160 mg/dl and:

•  
  •  
    • there is a positive family history of premature cardiovascular disease or
    • two or more other cvd risk factors are present in the pediatric patient

it is classified as an anticholinergic drug.

it is used as an antisialagogue for preanesthetic medication to prevent or reduce secretions of the respiratory tract. To restore cardiac rate and arterial pressure during anesthesia when vagal stimulation produced by intra-abdominal surgical traction causes a sudden decrease in pulse rate and cardiac action. To lessen the degree of av heart block when increased vagal tone is a major factor in the conduction defect as in some cases due to digitalis. To overcome severe bradycardia and syncope due to a hyperactive carotid sinus reflex. As an antidote (with external massage) for cardiovascular collapse from the injudicious use of a choline ester (cholinergic) drug. In the treatment of anticholinesterase poisoning from organophosphorus insecticides. As an antidote for the rapid type of mushroom poisoning due to the presence of the alkaloid, muscarine, in certain species of fungus such as amanita muscaria.

azithromycin is an azalide, a subclass of macrolide antibiotics. Azithromycin is used to treat or prevent certain bacterial infections, most often those causing middle ear infections, tonsillitis, throat infections, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, typhoid, and sinusitis. It is also effective against certain urinary tract infections and venereal diseases, such as non-gonococcal urethritis, chlamydia, gonorrhea and cervicitis.

azithromycin is an azalide, a subclass of macrolide antibiotics. Azithromycin is used to treat or prevent certain bacterial infections, most often those causing middle ear infections, tonsillitis, throat infections, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, typhoid, and sinusitis. It is also effective against certain urinary tract infections and venereal diseases, such as non-gonococcal urethritis, chlamydia, gonorrhea and cervicitis.

Betamethasone is a moderately potent glucocorticoid steroid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Unlike other drugs with these effects, betamethasone does not cause water retention. It is applied as a topical cream, ointment, foam, lotion or gel to treat itching. Betamethasone is a corticosteroid used as a topical cream to relieve skin irritation, such as itching and flaking from eczema. It is used as a treatment for local psoriasis.

captopril tablet is a specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin i-converting enzyme (ace), the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin i to angiotensin ii.

captopril tablets are indicated for use in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension in adult patients. captopril tablets may be used alone or in combination with other anti-hypertensive agents especially thiazide diuretics. The hypotensive effects of captopril and thiazides are additive.
captopril tablets are also used as an adjunct to the treatment of congestive heart failure which has not responded adequately to or cannot be controlled by conventional therapy with diuretics and/or digitalis and in whom vasodilation is indicated.

hypertension: captopril tablet is indicated for the treatment of hypertension.

heart failure: captopril is indicated in the treatment of congestive heart failure usually in combination with diuretics and digitalis. The beneficial effect of captopril in heart failure does not require the presence of digitalis; however, most controlled clinical trial experience with captopril has been in patients receiving digitalis, as well as diuretic treatment.

left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: captopril is indicated to improve survival following myocardial infarction in clinically stable patients with left ventricular dysfunction manifested as an ejection fraction ≤ 40% and to reduce the incidence of overt heart failure and subsequent hospitalizations for congestive heart failure in these patients.

diabetic nephropathy: captopril is indicated for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy (proteinuria > 500 mg/day) in patients with type i insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and retinopathy.

carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder, as well as trigeminal neuralgia. It is also used off-label for a variety of indications, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd), schizophrenia, phantom limb syndrome, paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.

it is a semi synthetic, broad spectrum, fourth generation cephalosporin. It exerts its effects by inhibiting the peptidoglycan synthesis in microbial cell wall.

cefepime is indicated in the treatment of the following infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms

pneumonia (moderate to severe) caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, including cases associated with concurrent bacteremia, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, or enterobacter species.

empiric therapy for febrile neutropenic patients. cefepime as monotherapy is indicated for empiric treatment of febrile neutropenic patients. In patients at high risk for severe infection (including patients with a history of recent bone marrow transplantation, with hypotension at presentation, with an underlying hematologic malignancy, or with severe or prolonged neutropenia), antimicrobial monotherapy may not be appropriate. Insufficient data exist to support the efficacy of cefepime monotherapy in such patients.

uncomplicated and complicated urinary tract infections (including pyelonephritis) caused by escherichia coli or klebsiella pneumoniae, when the infection is severe, or caused by escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, or proteus mirabilis, when the infection is mild to moderate, including cases associated with concurrent bacteremia with these microorganisms.

uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections caused by staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible strains only) or streptococcus pyogenes.

complicated intra-abdominal infections (used in combination with metronidazole) caused by escherichia coli, viridans group streptococci, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter species, or bacteroides fragilis.

cefoperazone injection is indicated for the treatment of the following infections when caused by

susceptible organisms:

respiratory tract infections (upper and lower)

ii. Urinary tract infections (upper and lower)

iii. Peritonitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, and other intra-abdominal infections

iv. Septicemia

v. Meningitis

vi. Skin and soft tissue infections

vii. Bone and joint infections

viii. Pelvic inflammatory disease, endometritis, gonorrhea, and other infections of the genital tract

cefotaxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it has broad spectrum activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

cefotaxime is used for infections of the respiratory tract, skin, bones, joints, urogenital system, meningitis, and septicemia gastroenteritis . It generally has good coverage against most gram-negative bacteria, with the notable exception of pseudomonas. It is also effective against most gram-positive cocci except for enterococcus. It is active against penicillin-resistant strains of streptococcus pneumoniae. It has modest activity against the anaerobic bacteroides fragilis.

cefpirome is indicated for the treatment of serious or life-threatening infections in adults caused by bacterial organisms sensitive to cefpirome.

• lower respiratory tract infections (bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia).
• infections in neutropenic patients.
• bacteraemia/septicaemia.
• complicated upper (pyelonephritis) and lower urinary tract infections.
• skin and skin structure infections (eg. Cellulitis, wound infections).
• other serious icu infections.

ceftazidime is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, beta-lactam antibiotic for parenteral administration.

ceftazidime is indicated for the treatment of patients with infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organisms in the following diseases:

1. lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia, caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pseudomonas spp. ; haemophilus influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant strains; klebsiella spp. ; enterobacter spp. ; proteus mirabilis; escherichia coli; serratia spp. ; citrobacter spp. ; streptococcus pneumoniae; and staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible strains).
2. skin and skin-structure infections caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa; klebsiella spp. ;escherichia coli; proteus spp. , including proteus mirabilis and indole-positive proteus; enterobacter spp. ; serratia spp. ; staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible strains); and streptococcus pyogenes (group a beta-hemolytic streptococci).
3. urinary tract infections, both complicated and uncomplicated, caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa; enterobacter spp. ; proteus spp. , including proteus mirabilis and indole-positive proteus; klebsiella spp. ; and escherichia coli.
4. bacterial septicemia caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella spp. , haemophilus influenzae, escherichia coli, serratia spp. , streptococcus pneumoniae, and staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible strains).
5. bone and joint infections caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella spp. , enterobacter spp. , and staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible strains).
6. gynecologic infections, including endometritis, pelvic cellulitis, and other infections of the female genital tract caused by escherichia coli.
7. intra-abdominal infections, including peritonitis caused by escherichia coli, klebsiella spp. , and staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible strains) and polymicrobial infections caused by aerobic and anaerobic organisms and bacteroides spp. (many strains of bacteroides fragilis are resistant).
8. central nervous system infections, including meningitis, caused by haemophilus influenzae and neisseria meningitidis. ceftazidime has also been used successfully in a limited number of cases of meningitis due to pseudomonas aeruginosa and streptococcus pneumoniae.

ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

ceftriaxone is often used (in combination, but not direct, with macrolide and/or aminoglycoside antibiotics) for the treatment of community-acquired or mild to moderate health care-associated pneumonia. It is also a choice drug for treatment of bacterial meningitis. In pediatrics, it is commonly used in febrile infants between 4 and 8 weeks of age who are admitted to the hospital to exclude sepsis. The dosage for acute ear infection in the very young is 50 mg/kg im, one dose only. It has also been used in the treatment of lyme disease, typhoid fever and gonorrhea.

for the treatment of gonorrhea, a single intramuscular injection is usually given. Treatment for chlamydia infection is also recommended (usually with azithromycin) unless it is specifically ruled out

Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Ceftriaxone is often used (in combination, but not direct, with macrolide and/or aminoglycoside antibiotics) for the treatment of community-acquired or mild to moderate health care-associated pneumonia. It is also a choice drug for treatment of bacterial meningitis. In pediatrics, it is commonly used in febrile infants between 4 and 8 weeks of age who are admitted to the hospital to exclude sepsis. 

it is resistant to most beta lactamases and is active against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The most important use of cefuroxime is in meningitis caused by h influezae, meningo cocci and pneumo cocci because it attains high concentrations in csf.

it is indicated in respiratory tract, genito-urinary tract, skin and soft tissue infections, gonorrhoea, acute gonococal urethritis and cervicitis meningitis, prophylaxis against infections in surgical procedures.

it is resistant to most beta lactamases and is active against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The most important use of cefuroxime is in meningitis caused by h influezae, meningo cocci and pneumo cocci because it attains high concentrations in csf.

it is indicated in respiratory tract, genito-urinary tract, skin and soft tissue infections, gonorrhoea, acute gonococal urethritis and cervicitis meningitis, prophylaxis against infections in surgical procedures.

cefalexin is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Cephalexin is used to treat urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and skin and soft tissue infections. It is also sometimes used to treat acne.

in addition to being a rational first-line treatment for cellulitis, it is a useful alternative to penicillins in patients with penicillin hypersensitivity. Caution should always be taken when prescribing cephalosporins to those with strong history of true penicillin hypersensitivity. However, cephalexin and other first-generation cephalosporins are known to have a modest cross-allergy in patients with penicillin hypersensitivity.

Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis: Cetirizine is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis due to allergens such as ragweed, grass and tree pollens in adults and children 2 years of age and older. Symptoms treated effectively include sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal pruritus, ocular pruritus, tearing, and redness of the eyes.

Perennial Allergic Rhinitis: Cetirizine is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with perennial allergic rhinitis due to allergens such as dust mites, animal dander and molds in adults and children 6 months of age and older. Symptoms treated effectively include sneezing, rhinorrhea, postnasal discharge, nasal pruritus, ocular pruritus, and tearing.

Chronic Urticaria: Cetirizine is indicated for the treatment of the uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria in adults and children 6 months of age and older. It significantly reduces the occurrence, severity, and duration of hives and significantly reduces pruritus.

seasonal allergic rhinitis: cetirizine is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis due to allergens such as ragweed, grass and tree pollens in adults and children 2 years of age and older. Symptoms treated effectively include sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal pruritus, ocular pruritus, tearing, and redness of the eyes.

perennial allergic rhinitis: cetirizine is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with perennial allergic rhinitis due to allergens such as dust mites, animal dander and molds in adults and children 6 months of age and older. Symptoms treated effectively include sneezing, rhinorrhea, postnasal discharge, nasal pruritus, ocular pruritus, and tearing.

chronic urticaria: cetirizine is indicated for the treatment of the uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria in adults and children 6 months of age and older. It significantly reduces the occurrence, severity, and duration of hives and significantly reduces pruritus.

chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial. It is considered a prototypical broad-spectrum antibiotic, alongside the tetracyclines. Chloramphenicol is effective against a wide variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including most anaerobic organisms. The original indication of chloramphenicol was in the treatment of typhoid, but the now almost universal presence of multi-drug resistant salmonella typhi has meant that it is seldom used for this indication except when the organism is known to be sensitive. Chloramphenicol may be used as a second-line agent in the treatment of tetracycline-resistant cholera.

because of its excellent bbb penetration (far superior to any of the cephalosporins), chloramphenicol remains the first choice treatment for staphylococcal brain abscesses. It is also useful in the treatment of brain abscesses due to mixed organisms or when the causative organism is not known.

chloramphenicol is active against the three main bacterial causes of meningitis: neisseria meningitidis, streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae.

chloramphenicol is also effective against enterococcus faecium, which has led to it being considered for treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus.

chlorpheniramine is an antihistamine. It helps to reduce moderate to severe allergic reactions.

this medication blocks secretion of acid from the stomach. It is used to treat and prevent ulcers, to treat gastroesophageal reflux disorder (gerd), and to treat conditions associated with excessive acid secretion.

cimetidine is a histamine h₂-receptor antagonist.

cimetidine is indicated in:

(1) short-term treatment of active duodenal ulcer. most patients heal within 4 weeks and there is rarely reason to use tagamet at full dosage for longer than 6 to 8 weeks. Concomitant antacids should be given as needed for relief of pain. However, simultaneous administration of tagamet and antacids is not recommended, since antacids have been reported to interfere with the absorption of tagamet.

(2) maintenance therapy for duodenal ulcer patients at reduced dosage after healing of active ulcer. patients have been maintained on continued treatment with tagamet 400 mg h. S. For periods of up to 5 years.

(3) short-term treatment of active benign gastric ulcer. there is no information concerning usefulness of treatment periods of longer than 8 weeks.

(4) erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (gerd). erosive esophagitis diagnosed by endoscopy. Treatment is indicated for 12 weeks for healing of lesions and control of symptoms. The use of tagamet beyond 12 weeks has not been established

(5) prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients.

(6) the treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions (i. E. , zollinger-ellison syndrome, systemic mastocytosis, multiple endocrine adenomas).

Ciprofloxacin Ophthalmic Solution is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms in the conditions listed below:

Corneal Ulcers

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Serratia marcescens *

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus (Viridans Group) *

Conjunctivitis

Haemophilus influenzae

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Streptococcus pneumoniae

ciprofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. It is a second generation fluoroquinolone antibacterial. It kills bacteria by interfering with the enzymes that cause dna to rewind after being copied, which stops dna and protein synthesis. Ciprofloxacin is used to treat infections of the skin, lungs, airways, bones, and joints caused by susceptible bacteria. Ciprofloxacin is also frequently used to treat urinary infections caused by bacteria such as e. Coli. Ciprofloxacin is effective in treating infectious diarrheas caused by e. Coli, campylobacter jejuni, and shigella bacteria.

ciprofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. It is a second generation fluoroquinolone antibacterial. It kills bacteria by interfering with the enzymes that cause dna to rewind after being copied, which stops dna and protein synthesis. Ciprofloxacin is used to treat infections of the skin, lungs, airways, bones, and joints caused by susceptible bacteria. Ciprofloxacin is also frequently used to treat urinary infections caused by bacteria such as e. Coli. Ciprofloxacin is effective in treating infectious diarrheas caused by e. Coli, campylobacter jejuni, and shigella bacteria.

clindamycin is indicated in the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organisms in the conditions listed below:

lower respiratory tract infections including pneumonia, empyema, and lung abscess caused by anaerobes, streptococcus pneumoniae, other streptococci (except e. Faecalis), and staphylococcus aureus.

skin and skin structure infections caused by streptococcus pyogenes, staphylococcus

aureus, and anaerobes.

gynecological infections including endometritis, nongonococcal tubo-ovarian abscess, pelvic cellulitis, and postsurgical vaginal cuff infection caused by susceptible anaerobes

intra-abdominal infections including peritonitis and intra-abdominal abscess caused by susceptible anaerobic organisms

septicemia caused by staphylococcus aureus, streptococci (except enterococcus faecalis), and susceptible anaerobes.

bone and joint infections including acute hematogenous osteomyelitis caused by staphylococcus aureus and as adjunctive therapy in the surgical treatment of chronic bone and joint infections due to susceptible organisms.

skin infections caused by yeasts (eg candida), dermatophytes (eg trichophyton), moulds and other fungi, such as the following:

• athlete's foot (tinea pedis).
• fungal infection of the groin, ie jock itch (tinea cruris).
• ringworm (tinea corporis).
• fungal nappy rash caused by infection with candida albicans.
• sweat rash caused by infection with candida albicans.
• relieving the external symptoms (candidal vulvitis) of vaginal thrush (candidal vaginitis). (this cream should be used in combination with another medicine that treats the infection inside your vagina - ask your doctor or pharmacist for advice about which products to use. )
• inflammation of the penis and/or foreskin (candidal balanitis) caused by infection with candida albicans (also known as thrush)

Clotrimazole is an anti-fungal drug related to Fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole and miconazole. It prevents growth of several types of fungi by preventing production of the membranes that surround fungal cells.

Betamethasone is a synthetic corticosteroid that is used topically on the skin. Corticosteroids suppress inflammation as well as the body's immune response.

It is used for the treatment of local fungal infections such as tinea pedis ("athlete's foot"), tinea cruris ("jock itch"), or tinea corporis (fungal infections elsewhere on the body)

to reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of co-trimoxazole and other antibacterial drugs, co-trimoxazole should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.

for the treatment of urinary tract infections due to susceptible strains of the followinf organisms: escherichia coli, klebsiella species, enterobacter species, morganella morganii, proteus mirabilis, and proteus vulgaris. it is recommended that initial episodes of uncomplicated urinary tract infections be treated with a single effective antibacterial agent rather than the combination.

for the treatment of acute otitis media in pediatric patients due to susceptible strains of streptococcus pneumoniae or haemophilus influenzae when, in the judgment of the physician, co-trimoxazole offers some advantage over the use of other antimicrobial agents. To date, there is limited data on the safety of repeated use of co-trimoxazole in pediatric patients under two years of age. Co-trimoxazole is not indicated for prophylactic or prolonged administration in otitis media at any age.

for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis due to susceptible strains of streptococcus pneumoniae ox haemophilus influenzae when, in the judgment of the physician, co-trimoxazole offers some advantage over the use of a single antimicrobial agent.

for the treatment of travelers' diarrhea due to susceptible strains of enterotoxigenic e. Coli.

for the treatment of enteritis caused by susceptible strains of shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei when antibacterial therapy is indicated.

for the treatment of documented pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. For prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in individuals who are immunosuppressed and considered to be at an increased risk of developing pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

co-trimoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, in the ratio of 1 to 5, used in the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections.  

co-trimoxazole was claimed to be more effective than either of its components individually in treating bacterial infections, although this was later disputed. Along with its associated greater incidence of adverse effects including allergic responses (see below), its widespread use has been restricted in many countries to very specific circumstances where its improved efficacy is demonstrated. It may be effective in a variety of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, renal and urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal tract infections, skin and wound infections, septicaemias and other infections caused by sensitive organisms. The global problem of advancing antimicrobial resistance has led to a renewed interest in the use of co-trimoxazole in various settings more recently.

specific indications for its use include:

it's been used as a treatment of hiv in early stage and will save half of million of infected people. A study of 3. 179 ugandese people showed a reduction of 59% in the first 12 weeks, and the 44% between the 12th and 72th week.

also this antibiotic reduces the incidence of malaria by a 25% percent.

• infections caused by listeria monocytogenes, nocardia spp. , stenotrophomonas maltophilia (zanthomonas maltophilia)
• staphylococcus saprophyticus infections presenting as urinary tract infection or cystitis
• melioidosis
• shigellosis
• whipple's disease
• traveller's diarrhea

• isosporiasis
• prophylaxis of cerebral toxoplasmosis in hiv patients

• treatment and prophylaxis of pneumonia caused by pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly identified as p. Carinii and commonly seen in immunocompromised patients including those suffering from hiv/aids)

dexamethasone sodium phosphate is used for the treatment of adrenal insufficiency, a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough adrenal hormones (cortisol and aldosterone). It is effective in replacing the cortisol deficiency, but must be used in combination with another agent (a mineralocorticoid) to replace the aldosterone. Dexamethasone is also useful for the symptomatic treatment of the following diseases:

·  collagen diseases (eg: sle, polyarteritis nodosa, giant cell arteritis)

·  pulmonary disorders (eg: status asthmaticus, chronic asthma, sarcoidosis)

·  blood disorders (eg: leukaemia, itp, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia)

·  rheumatic diseases (eg: rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis)

·  skin diseases (eg: psoriasis, pemphigus, various types of dermatitis)

·  ulcerative colitis

·  cerebral oedema

·  laryngeal oedema associated with acute non-infective laryngospasm

·  eye disorders (eg: allergic conjunctivitis, keratitis, allergic corneal marginal ulcers, chorioretinitis, optic neuritis)

·  neoplastic states (eg: cerebral neoplasms, hypercalcaemia associated with cancer)the 120mg/5ml vial of dexamethasone sodium phosphate for injection is specifically designed as an adjunct for use in shock, including excessive blood loss during surgery

Acute purulent conjunctivitis; fresh inflammation of the superficial and deeper corneal layers and corneal ulceration. Keratitis disciformis and the more deep-seated forms of post-herpetic keratitis. Allergic conjunctivitis, allergic blepharitis. Acute and chronic iritis and iridocyclitis.

diazepam is indicated for the management of anxiety disorders or for the short-term relief of the symptoms of anxiety. Anxiety or tension associated with the stress of everyday life usually does not require treatment with an anxiolytic.

in acute alcohol withdrawal, diazepam may be useful in the symptomatic relief of acute agitation, tremor, impending or acute delirium tremens and hallucinosis.

as an adjunct prior to endoscopic procedures if apprehension, anxiety or acute stress reactions are present, and to diminish the patient's recall of the procedures.

diazepam is a useful adjunct for the relief of skeletal muscle spasm due to reflex spasm to local pathology (such as inflammation of the muscles or joints, or secondary to trauma); spasticity caused by upper motor neuron disorders (such as cerebral palsy and paraplegia); athetosis; stiff-man syndrome; and tetanus.

diazepam is a useful adjunct in status epilepticus and severe recurrent convulsive seizures.

Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) taken to reduce inflammation and as an analgesic reducing pain in certain conditions. Diclofenac is used to treat pain, inflammatory disorders, and dysmenorrhea. Inflamatory disorder may include musculoskeletal complaints, especially arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, osteoarthritis, dental pain, TMJ, spondylarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, gout attacks, and pain management in cases of kidney stones and gallstones. An additional indication is the treatment of acute migraines. iclofenac is used commonly to treat mild to moderate post-operative or post-traumatic pain, particularly when inflammation is also present, and is effective against menstrual pain and endometriosis.

diclofenac is a non-steroidal compound with antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties. in vitro its active substance strongly inhibits prostaglandins synthetase and also has an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation.

diclofenac and paracetamol is indicated in the treatment of painful rheumatic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and acute gout. Acute musculoskeletal disorders and soft tissue inflammation such as periarthritis, sprains, strains, tenosynovitis, bursitis, pain in fractures and dislocation. Relief of pain and inflammation associated with orthopaedic, dental, gynaecological and other minor surgical procedures

it is indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate heart failure. Digoxin increases left ventricular ejection fraction and improves heart failure symptoms as evidenced by exercise capacity and heart failure-related hospitalizations and emergency care, while having no effect on mortality. Where possible, digoxin should be used with a diuretic and an angiotensin-conver ting enzyme inhibitor, but an optimal order for star ting these three drugs cannot be specified  

also indicated in indicated for the control of ventricular response rate in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation

heart failure: digoxin is indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate heart failure. Digoxin increases left ventricular ejection fraction and improves heart failure symptoms as evidenced by exercise capacity and heart failure-related hospitalizations and emergency care, while having no effect on mortality. Where possible, digoxin should be used with a diuretic and an angiotensin-conver ting enzyme inhibitor, but an optimal order for star ting these three drugs cannot be specified.

atrial fibrillation: digoxin is indicated for the control of ventricular response rate in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation.

dopamine hydrochloride is a sympathomimetic catecholamine. Lower doses preferentially stimulate peripheral dopamine receptors to cause primarily renal mesenteric vasodilation while higher doses also stimulate beta-1 and alpha adrenergic receptors and act to increase blood pressure.

indications: it is prescribed in the treatment of shock, hypotension, and low cardiac output to reduce the risk of renal failure.

it is used in prophylaxis against malaria.

it should not be used alone for initial treatment of malaria, even when the parasite is doxycycline-sensitive, because the antimalarial effect of doxycycline is delayed. This delay is related to its mechanism of action. Its mechanism of action against malaria is to specifically impair the progeny of the apicoplast genes resulting in their abnormal cell division.

it can be used in a treatment plan in combination with other agents, such as quinine.

it is used in the treatment and prophylaxis of bacillus anthracis (anthrax).

Enalapril Maleate is an orally active ACE inhibitor. It lowers peripheral vascular resistance without causing an increase in the heart rate. It is an ideal drug for hypersensitive patients who are intolerant to beta-blockers. The drug is used for treating high blood pressure or hypertension in adults and children. It is considered useful in treatment of congestive heart failure

enalapril is an angiotensin converting enzyme (ace) inhibitor used in the treatment of hypertension and some types of chronic heart failure. Ace raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels. Ace inhibitors like enalapril prevent this effect. Enalapril has been shown to lower the death rate in systolic heart failure. Enalapril was the first member of the group of ace inhibitors known as the dicarboxylate-containing ace inhibitors.

this drug belongs to a group of medications called ace inhibitors. It is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) in adults and children. It works by relaxing blood vessels, causing them to widen. Lowering high blood pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks and kidney problems. This medication is also used with other drugs (e. G. , "water pills"/diuretics, digoxin) to treat congestive heart failure.

Ergometrine Injection is indicated in the active management of the third stage of labour. It is used for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage.

Ergometrine is an ergot alkaloid. It acts directly on uterine muscle to produce sustained contractions and this effect is compatible with the use of ergometrine to control postpartum bleeding.

Ergometrine is rapidly absorbed after administration by mouth or by intramuscular injection.

Uterine stimulation occurs within about 7 minutes of I.M. injection and within about 1minute of I.V. administration. Elimination of ergometrine appears to be principally by metabolism in the liver.

This medication is used to treat or prevent a wide variety of bacterial infections. Erythromycin is known as a macrolide antibiotic. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. This antibiotic treats or prevents only bacterial infections. It will not work for viral infections (e.g., common cold, flu). Unnecessary use or overuse of any antibiotic can lead to its decreased effectiveness

Erythromycin works by preventing bacteria from producing proteins that are essential to them. Without these proteins the bacteria cannot grow, replicate and increase in numbers. Erythromycin doesn’t directly kill the bacteria, but leaves them unable to increase in numbers. The remaining bacteria eventually die or are destroyed by the immune system. This treats the infection.

Erythromycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is active against a wide variety of bacteria that cause a wide variety of infections. Erythromycin may be used to treat infections of the upper or lower airways, skin or soft tissue, eyes or ears. It may also be used to treat certain sexually-transmitted infections, oral and dental infections, and to prevent infections in people who are at risk, for example due to surgery, trauma or burns.

Erythromycin is also used for treating inflammatory acne, as it is active against the bacteria associated with acne, Propionebacterium acnes. This is a common type of bacteria that feeds on sebum produced by the sebaceous glands in the skin. It produces waste products and fatty acids that irritate the sebaceous glands, making them inflamed and causing spots. By controlling bacterial numbers, erythromycin brings the inflammation of the sebaceous glands under control, and allows the skin to heal. (Other antibiotics may be preferred for acne however, as strains of the Propionebacterium that are resistant to erythromycin are becoming widespread.)

Fluconazole  is a triazole antifungal drug used in the treatment and prevention of superficial and systemic fungal infections. Like other imidazole- and triazole-class antifungals, fluconazole inhibits the fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme 14α-demethylase. Mammalian demethylase activity is much less sensitive to fluconazole than fungal demethylase. This inhibition prevents the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, an essential component of the fungal cytoplasmic membrane, and subsequent accumulation of 14α-methyl sterols. Fluconazole is primarily fungistatic; however, it may be fungicidal against certain organisms in a dose-dependent manner

fluphenazine decanoate injection is a long-acting parenteral antipsychotic drug intended for use in the management of patients requiring prolonged parenteral neuroleptic therapy (e. G. , chronic schizophrenics).

fluphenazine decanoate injection has not been shown effective in the management of behavioral complications in patients with mental retardation.

Folic acid is a B vitamin that is an essential requirement of the body. It is needed for making the genetic material of cells (DNA), and thus for growth and development. Folic acid is particularly important for the maintenance of a healthy nervous system and in the formation of red blood cells, which carry oxygen around the body.

Folic acid is used in to treat:

·          Folate deficiency anaemia, for example due to poor nutrition, malabsorption syndromes such as coeliac disease, alcoholism, or antiepileptic medicines.

·          Folate deficiency anaemia of pregnancy.

·          Prevention of folate deficiency anaemia in conditions where the body breaks down red blood cells too quickly (haemolytic anaemias, eg sickle cell anaemia).

·          Prevention of folate deficiency anaemia in people having kidney dialysis.

·          Dietary supplement for women planning a pregnancy and during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, in women who are at high risk of having a baby with neural tube defects (see section above for details). This medicine is used to help prevent neural tube birth defects such as spina bifida and other congenital malformations such as cleft palate or cleft lip in the developing baby.

furosemide is a diuretic. Diuretics are referred to as "water pills" because they decrease the amount of water retained in the body by increasing urination. Diuretics are used to treat edema (fluid retention and swelling especially of the hands and feet caused by heart failure and other diseases) and hypertension (high blood pressure).

gabapentin is widely used to relieve pain, especially neuropathic pain.

it is indicated in:

gabapentin is indicated for the management of postherpetic neuralgia in adults.

gabapentin is indicated as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures with and without secondary generalization in patients over 12 years of age with epilepsy. Gabapentin is also indicated as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures in pediatric patients age 3 – 12 years.

gentamicin is used for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible organisms (see action description for full list of bacteria). These conditions include:

·  blood infection.

·  respiratory tract infections.

·  urinary tract infection.

·  skin and skin structure infections.

·  bone and joint infections.

·  peritonitis.

·  septic abortion.

·  burns complicated by sepsis.

gentamicin is not the first-line treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections, unless the causative organism has been shown to be resistant to other less toxic antibiotics. In the treatment of any infection, it is important to isolate the bacteria and its antibacterial susceptibilities if possible before commencing treatment.

primary skin infections: impetigo contagiosa, superficial folliculitis, ecthyma, furunculosis, sycosis barbae, and pyoderma gangrenosum. Secondary skin infections: infectious eczematoid dermatitis, pustular acne, pustular psoriasis, infected seborrheic dermatitis, infected contact dermatitis (including poison ivy), infected excoriations, and bacterial superinfections of fungal or viral infections. Gentamicin is a bactericidal agent that is not effective against viruses or fungi in skin infections. It is useful in the treatment of infected skin cysts and certain other skin abscesses when preceded by incision and drainage to permit adequate contact between the antibiotic and the infecting bacteria. Good results have been obtained in the treatment of infected stasis and other skin ulcers, infected superficial burns, paronychia, infected insect bites and stings, infected lacerations and abrasions and wounds from minor surgery. Gentamicin cream is recommended for wet, oozing primary infections, and greasy, secondary infections, such as pustular acne or infected seborrheic dermatitis, and where a water washable cream preparation is desired. Gentamicin ointment helps retain moisture and has been useful in infection on dry eczematous or psoriatic skin. Gentamicin cream and ointment have been used successfully in infants over one year of age as well as in adults and children.

Glibenclamide, also known as glyburide, is an antidiabetic drug in a class of medications known as sulfonylureas, closely related to sulfa drugs.  It is used in the treatment of type II diabetes.

The drug works by inhibiting ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells. This inhibition causes cell membrane depolarization, which causes voltage-dependent calcium channels to open, which causes an increase in intracellular calcium in the beta cell, which stimulates insulin release.

haloperidol is a typical antipsychotic. It is in the butyrophenone class of antipsychotic medications and has pharmacological effects similar to the phenothiazines.

haloperidol is an older antipsychotic used in the treatment of schizophrenia and, more acutely, in the treatment of acute psychotic states and delirium. A long-acting decanoate ester is used as a long acting injection given every 4 weeks to people with schizophrenia or related illnesses who have a poor compliance with medication and suffer frequent relapses of illness, or to overcome the drawbacks inherent to its orally administered counterpart that burst dosage increases risk or intensity of side effects.

severe essential hypertension when the drug cannot be given orally or when there is an urgent need to lower blood pressure.

the intravenous or intramuscular use of hydrocortisone sodium succinate  sterile powder is indicated as follows:

control of severe or incapacitating allergic conditions intractable to adequate trials of conventional treatment in asthma, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, drug hypersensitivity reactions, perennial or seasonal allergic rhinitis, serum sickness, transfusion reactions

primary or secondary adrenocortical insufficiency (hydrocortisone or cortisone is the drug of choice; synthetic analogs may be used in conjunction with mineralocorticoids where applicable; in infancy, mineralocorticoid supplementation is of particular importance), congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypercalcemia associated with cancer, nonsuppurative thyroiditis.

to tide the patient over a critical period of the disease in regional enteritis (systemic therapy) and ulcerative colitis.

acquired (autoimmune) hemolytic anemia, congenital (erythroid) hypoplastic anemia (diamond-blackfan anemia), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in adults (intravenous administration only; intramuscular administration is contraindicated), pure red cell aplasia, selected cases of secondary thrombocytopenia.

trichinosis with neurologic or myocardial involvement, tuberculous meningitis with subarachnoid block or impending block when used concurrently with appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy.

for the palliative management of leukemias and lymphomas.

acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis; cerebral edema associated with primary or metastatic brain tumor, or craniotomy.

sympathetic ophthalmia, uveitis and ocular inflammatory conditions unresponsive to topical corticosteroids.

to induce diuresis or remission of proteinuria in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome or that due to lupus erythematosus.

berylliosis, fulminating or disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis when used concurrently with appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy, idiopathic eosinophilic pneumonias, symptomatic sarcoidosis.

as adjunctive therapy for short-term administration (to tide the patient over an acute episode or exacerbation) in acute gouty arthritis; acute rheumatic carditis; ankylosing spondylitis; psoriatic arthritis; rheumatoid arthritis, including juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (selected cases may require low-dose maintenance therapy). For the treatment of dermatomyositis, temporal arteritis, polymyositis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.

ibuprofen tablets are indicated for relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

ibuprofen tablets are indicated for relief of mild to moderate pain.

ibuprofen tablets are also indicated for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.

Ibuprofen tablets are indicated for relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

Ibuprofen tablets are indicated for relief of mild to moderate pain.

Ibuprofen tablets are also indicated for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.

Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for relief of symptoms of arthritis, fever, as an analgesic (pain reliever) for pain, especially where there is an inflammatory component, and dysmenorrhea.

Paracetamol is a widely used over-the-counter analgesic (pain reliever) and antipyretic (fever reducer). It is commonly used for the relief of headaches, other minor aches and pains, and is a major ingredient in numerous cold and flu remedies.

imipenem/cilastatin. Is indicated for the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms in the conditions listed below:

1. lower respiratory tract infections. staphylococcus aureus (penicillinase-producing strains), acinetobacter species, enterobacter species, escherichia coli, haemophilus influenzae, haemophilus parainfluenzae^*, klebsiella species, serratia marcescens
2. urinary tract infections enterococcus faecalis, staphylococcus aureus (penicillinase-producing strains)^*, enterobacter species, escherichia coli, klebsiella species, morganella morganii^*, proteus vulgaris^*, providencia rettgeri^*, pseudomonas aeruginosa
3. bacterial septicemia. enterococcus faecalis, staphylococcus aureus (penicillinase-producing strains), enterobacter species, escherichia coli, klebsiella species, pseudomonas aeruginosa, serratia species^*, bacteroides species including b. Fragilis^*
4. bone and joint infections. enterococcus faecalis, staphylococcus aureus (penicillinase-producing strains), staphylococcus epidermidis, enterobacter species, pseudomonas aeruginosa
5. skin and skin structure infections. enterococcus faecalis, staphylococcus aureus (penicillinase-producing strains), staphylococcus epidermidis, acinetobacter species, citrobacter species, enterobacter species, escherichia coli, klebsiella species, morganella morganii, proteus vulgaris, providencia rettgeri^*, pseudomonas aeruginosa, serratia species, peptococcus species, peptostreptococcus species, bacteroides species including b. Fragilis, fusobacterium species^*

ketamine hydrochloride injection is indicated as the sole anesthetic agent for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation. Ketamine hydrochloride injection is best suited for short procedures but it can be used, with additional doses, for longer procedures.

ketamine hydrochloride injection is indicated for the induction of anesthesia prior to the administration of other general anesthetic agents.

ketamine hydrochloride injection is indicated to supplement low-potency agents, such as nitrous oxide.

ketamine hydrochloride injection is indicated as the sole anesthetic agent for diagnostic and surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation. Ketamine hydrochloride injection is best suited for short procedures but it can be used, with additional doses, for longer procedures.

ketamine hydrochloride injection is indicated for the induction of anesthesia prior to the administration of other general anesthetic agents.

ketamine hydrochloride injection is indicated to supplement low-potency agents, such as nitrous oxide.

this medication is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that relieves pain and reduces swelling. It is for short-term use only (no more than 5 days).

lansoprazole is indicated for short-term treatment (for 4 weeks) for healing and symptom relief of active duodenal ulcer.

lansoprazole in combination with amoxicillin plus clarithromycin as triple therapy is indicated for the treatment of patients with h. Pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease (active or one-year history of a duodenal ulcer) to eradicate h. Pylori . Eradication of h. Pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence.

lansoprazole in combination with amoxicillin as dual therapy is indicated for the treatment of patients with h. Pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease (active or one-year history of a duodenal ulcer) who are either allergic or intolerant to clarithromycin or in whom resistance to clarithromycin is known or suspected  eradication of h. Pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence.

lansoprazole is indicated to maintain healing of duodenal ulcers. Controlled studies do not extend beyond 12 months.

lansoprazole is indicated for short-term treatment (up to 8 weeks) for healing and symptom relief of active benign gastric ulcer.

lansoprazole is indicated for the treatment of nsaid-associated gastric ulcer in patients who continue nsaid use. Controlled studies did not extend beyond 8 weeks.

lansoprazole is indicated for reducing the risk of nsaid-associated gastric ulcers in patients with a history of a documented gastric ulcer who require the use of an nsaid. Controlled studies did not extend beyond 12 weeks.

lansoprazole is indicated for the treatment of heartburn and other symptoms associated with gerd.

short-term treatment of erosive esophagitis

lansoprazole is indicated for short-term treatment (up to 8 weeks) for healing and symptom relief of all grades of erosive esophagitis. For patients who do not heal with lansoprazole for 8 weeks (5-10%), it may be helpful to give an additional 8 weeks of treatment. If there is a recurrence of erosive esophagitis an additional 8-week course of lansoprazole may be considered.

lansoprazole is indicated to maintain healing of erosive esophagitis. Controlled studies did not extend beyond 12 months.

lansoprazole is indicated for the long-term treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions, including zollinger-ellison syndrome.

Levocetirizine is a third-generation non-sedative antihistamine, developed from the second-generation antihistamine cetirizine.  Levocetirizine works by blocking histamine receptors. It does not prevent the actual release of histamine from mast cells, but prevents it binding to its receptors. This in turn prevents the release of other allergy chemicals and increased blood supply to the area, and provides relief from the typical symptoms of hayfever.

Indications:

Levocetirizine is specifically indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis. It is also indicated for the treatment of the uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria in adults and children 6 years of age and older.

lidocaine injection are indicated for production of local or regional anesthesia by infiltration techniques such as percutaneous injection and intravenous regional anesthesia by peripheral nerve block techniques such as brachial plexus and intercostal and by central neural techniques such as lumbar and caudal epidural blocks, when the accepted procedures for these techniques as described in standard textbooks are observed.

Lidocaine is a local anesthetic of the amide type. It produces a reversible loss of sensation by preventing or diminishing the conduction of sensory nerve impulses near the site of application. It is rapidly absorbed from the mucous membranes and damaged skin producing rapid, local anesthesia in these areas. Absorption from the intact skin is poor. Lidocaine gel 2% is lubricating and miscible with body secretions and mucous allowing easy application and rapid onset of anesthesia to these areas.

it is indicated for the treatment of enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), trichuris trichiura (whipworm), ascaris lumbricoides (common roundworm), ancylostoma duodenale (common hookworm), necator americanus (american hookworm) in single or mixed infections.

skin and skin structure infections: complicated skin and skin structure infections due to staphylococcus aureus (beta-lactamase and non-beta- lactamase producing, methicillin susceptible isolates only), streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus agalactiae, viridans group streptococci, enterococcus faecalis (excluding vancomycin-resistant isolates), pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis , bacteroides fragilis, and peptostreptococcus species.

intra-abdominal infections: complicated appendicitis and peritonitis caused by viridans group streptococci, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, bacteroides fragilis, b. Thetaiotaomicron, and peptostreptococcus species.

bacterial meningitis (pediatric patients ≥ 3 months only): bacterial meningitis caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae (beta-lactamase and non-beta-lactamase-producing isolates), and neisseria meningitidis. Meropenem has been found to be effective in eliminating concurrent bacteremia in association with bacterial meningitis.

skin and skin structure infections: complicated skin and skin structure infections due to staphylococcus aureus (beta-lactamase and non-beta- lactamase producing, methicillin susceptible isolates only), streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus agalactiae, viridans group streptococci, enterococcus faecalis (excluding vancomycin-resistant isolates), pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis , bacteroides fragilis, and peptostreptococcus species.

intra-abdominal infections: complicated appendicitis and peritonitis caused by viridans group streptococci, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, bacteroides fragilis, b. Thetaiotaomicron, and peptostreptococcus species.

bacterial meningitis (pediatric patients ≥ 3 months only): bacterial meningitis caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae (beta-lactamase and non-beta-lactamase-producing isolates), and neisseria meningitidis. Meropenem has been found to be effective in eliminating concurrent bacteremia in association with bacterial meningitis.

metformin hydrochloride tablets contain an oral antihyperglycemic drug used in the management of type 2 diabetes. Metformin hydrochloride tablets, used as a once per day monotherapy, are indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to lower blood glucose. Metformin hydrochloride can be used concomitantly with a sulfonylurea or insulin to improve glycemic control in adults. Metformin hydrochloride is indicated in patients 17 years of age and older as either monotherapy or in combination therapy.

metoclopramide is an antiemetic and gastroprokinetic agent. Thus it is primarily used to treat nausea and vomiting, and to facilitate gastric emptying in patients with gastroparesis. It is also a primary treatment for migraine headaches.

the anti-emetic action of metoclopramide is due to its antagonist activity at d₂ receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (ctz) in the central nervous system (cns)—this action prevents nausea and vomiting triggered by most stimuli. At higher doses, 5-ht₃ antagonist activity may also contribute to the anti-emetic effect.

the prokinetic activity of metoclopramide is mediated by muscarinic activity, d₂ receptor antagonist activity and 5-ht₄ receptor agonist activity. The prokinetic effect itself may also contribute to the anti-emetic effect.

·        intra-abdominal infections

·        skin and skin structure infections

·        gynecologic infections

·        bacterial septicemia

·        bone and joint infections

·        central nervous system (cns) infections

·        lower respiratory tract infections

·        endocarditis

metronidazole is indicated for the treatment of symptomatic trichomoniasis in females and males when the presence of thetrichomonad has been confirmed by appropriate laboratory procedures (wet smears and/or cultures).

metronidazole  is indicated in the treatment of asymptomatic females when the organism is associated with endocervi-citis, cervicitis, or cervical erosion. Since there is evidence that presence of the trichomonad can interfere with accurate assessment of abnormal cytological smears, additional smears should be performed after eradication of the parasite.

t. Vagi-nalis infection is a venereal disease. Therefore, asymptomatic sexual partners of treated patients should be treated simultaneously if the organism has been found to be present, in order to prevent reinfection of the partner. The decision as to whether to treat an asymptomatic male partner who has a negative culture or one for whom no culture has been attempted is an individual one. In making this decision, it should be noted that there is evidence that a woman may become reinfected if her consort is not treated. Also, since there can be considerable difficulty in isolating the organism from the asymptomatic male carrier, negative smears and cultures cannot be relied upon in this regard. In any event, the consort should be treated with metronidazole  in cases of reinfection.

metronidazole is indicated in the treatment of acute intestinal amebiasis (amebic dysen-tery) and amebic liver abscess.

in amebic liver abscess, metronidazole therapy does not obviate the need for aspiration or drainage of pus.

metronidazole is indicated in the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria. Indicated surgical procedures should be performed in conjunction with metronidazole therapy. In a mixed aerobic and anaerobic infection, antimicrobials appropriate for the treatment of the aerobic infection should be used in addition to metronidazole.

intra-abdominal infections, including peritonitis, intra-abdominal abscess, and liver abscess, caused by bacteroides species including the b. Fragilis group (b. Fragilis, b. Distasonis,b. Ovatus, b. Thetaiotaomicron, b. Vulgatus), clostrid-ium species, eubacterium species, peptococcus niger, and peptostreptococcus species.

skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteroides species including the b. Fragilis group, clostridium species, peptococcus niger,peptostreptococcus species, and fusobacte-rium species.

gynecologic infections, including endo-metritis, endomyometritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and postsurgical vaginal cuff infection, caused by bacteroides species including the b. Fragilis group, clostridium species, peptococcusniger, and pepto-streptococcus species.

bacterial septicemia caused by bacteroides species including the b. Fragilis group, and clos-tridium species.

bone and joint infections, as adjunctive therapy, caused by bacteroides species including the b. Fragilis group.

central nervous system (cns) infections, including meningitis and brain abscess, caused by bacteroides species including the b. Fragilis group.

lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia, empyema, and lung abscess, caused by bacteroides species including the b. Fragilis group.

endocarditis caused by bacteroides species including the b. Fragilis group.

metronidazole is indicated for the treatment of symptomatic trichomoniasis in females and males when the presence of thetrichomonad has been confirmed by appropriate laboratory procedures (wet smears and/or cultures).

metronidazole  is indicated in the treatment of asymptomatic females when the organism is associated with endocervi-citis, cervicitis, or cervical erosion. Since there is evidence that presence of the trichomonad can interfere with accurate assessment of abnormal cytological smears, additional smears should be performed after eradication of the parasite.

t. Vagi-nalis infection is a venereal disease. Therefore, asymptomatic sexual partners of treated patients should be treated simultaneously if the organism has been found to be present, in order to prevent reinfection of the partner. The decision as to whether to treat an asymptomatic male partner who has a negative culture or one for whom no culture has been attempted is an individual one. In making this decision, it should be noted that there is evidence that a woman may become reinfected if her consort is not treated. Also, since there can be considerable difficulty in isolating the organism from the asymptomatic male carrier, negative smears and cultures cannot be relied upon in this regard. In any event, the consort should be treated with metronidazole  in cases of reinfection.

metronidazole is indicated in the treatment of acute intestinal amebiasis (amebic dysen-tery) and amebic liver abscess.

in amebic liver abscess, metronidazole therapy does not obviate the need for aspiration or drainage of pus.

metronidazole is indicated in the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria. Indicated surgical procedures should be performed in conjunction with metronidazole therapy. In a mixed aerobic and anaerobic infection, antimicrobials appropriate for the treatment of the aerobic infection should be used in addition to metronidazole.

intra-abdominal infections, including peritonitis, intra-abdominal abscess, and liver abscess, caused by bacteroides species including the b. Fragilis group (b. Fragilis, b. Distasonis,b. Ovatus, b. Thetaiotaomicron, b. Vulgatus), clostrid-ium species, eubacterium species, peptococcus niger, and peptostreptococcus species.

skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteroides species including the b. Fragilis group, clostridium species, peptococcus niger,peptostreptococcus species, and fusobacte-rium species.

gynecologic infections, including endo-metritis, endomyometritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and postsurgical vaginal cuff infection, caused by bacteroides species including the b. Fragilis group, clostridium species, peptococcusniger, and pepto-streptococcus species.

bacterial septicemia caused by bacteroides species including the b. Fragilis group, and clos-tridium species.

bone and joint infections, as adjunctive therapy, caused by bacteroides species including the b. Fragilis group.

central nervous system (cns) infections, including meningitis and brain abscess, caused by bacteroides species including the b. Fragilis group.

lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia, empyema, and lung abscess, caused by bacteroides species including the b. Fragilis group.

endocarditis caused by bacteroides species including the b. Fragilis group.

• fungal infections of the skin, eg ringworm, candidiasis, athlete's foot, scalp infections, fungal nappy rash, groin infections.
• fungal infections of the nails.

netilmicin injection is indicated in the treatment of patients with serious or life-threatening bacterial infections caused by susceptible strains of the following organisms: escherichia coli, klebsiella-enterobacter-serratia sp. , citrobacter sp. , proteus sp. (indole-positive and indole-negative), pseudomonas aeruginosa, and staphylococcus sp. (coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative, including penicillin- and methicillin-resistant strains) and neisseria gonorrhoeae.

clinical studies have shown netilmicin to be effective in:

• complicated urinary tract infections
• bacteremia, septicemia (including neonatal sepsis)
• acute, uncomplicated gonoccocal infection in male and female with normal renal function
• skin and soft tissue infections
• intra-abdominal infections (including peritonitis and intra-abdominal abscess)
• serious infections of the respiratory tract ( nosocomial pneumonia, lung abscess, cystic fibrosis, severe community-acquired pneumonia)
• kidney and genitourinary tract infections
• bone and joint infections
• burns, wounds, peri-operative infections
• gastrointestinal tract infections
• endocarditis ( netilmicin  is used synergistically with beta-lactam antibiotics)
• central nervous system (cns) infections (gram-negative meningitis and ventriculitis)
• infections in immunocompromised patients

netilmicin injection is indicated in the treatment of patients with serious or life-threatening bacterial infections caused by susceptible strains of the following organisms: escherichia coli, klebsiella-enterobacter-serratia sp. , citrobacter sp. , proteus sp. (indole-positive and indole-negative), pseudomonas aeruginosa, and staphylococcus sp. (coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative, including penicillin- and methicillin-resistant strains) and neisseria gonorrhoeae.

clinical studies have shown netilmicin to be effective in:

• complicated urinary tract infections
• bacteremia, septicemia (including neonatal sepsis)
• acute, uncomplicated gonoccocal infection in male and female with normal renal function
• skin and soft tissue infections
• intra-abdominal infections (including peritonitis and intra-abdominal abscess)
• serious infections of the respiratory tract ( nosocomial pneumonia, lung abscess, cystic fibrosis, severe community-acquired pneumonia)
• kidney and genitourinary tract infections
• bone and joint infections
• burns, wounds, peri-operative infections
• gastrointestinal tract infections
• endocarditis ( netilmicin  is used synergistically with beta-lactam antibiotics)
• central nervous system (cns) infections (gram-negative meningitis and ventriculitis)
• infections in immunocompromised patients

• vasospastic angina
• chronic stable angina(classical effort-associated angina)

nifedipine is an antianginal drug belonging to a class of pharmacological agents, the calcium channel blockers.
nifedipine is indicated for the management of vasospastic angina confirmed by any of the following criteria: 1) classical pattern of angina at rest accompanied by st segment elevation, 2) angina or coronary artery spasm provoked by ergonovine, or 3) angiographically demonstrated coronary artery spasm. In those patients who have had angiography, the presence of significant fixed obstructive disease is not incompatible with the diagnosis of vasospastic angina, provided that the above criteria are satisfied.

ofloxacin has in vitro activity against a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Ofloxacin is often bactericidal at concentrations equal to or slightly greater than inhibitory concentrations.

ofloxacin has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms both in vitro and in specific clinical infections
gram-positive aerobes: staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, and streptococcus pyogenes .
gram-negative aerobes: citrobacter diversus, enterobacter aerogenes, escherichia coli, haemophilus influenzae, klebsiella pneumoniae, neisseria gonorrhoeae, proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa
other: chlamydia trachomatis

tinidazole is a 5-nitroimidazole derivative with actions similar to metronidazole and is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and also in anaerobic bacterial infections.
it is effective against protozoa including entamoeba histolytica, giardia lambia and trichomonas spp and bacteria such as bacteriodes spp. , anaerobic cocci, fusobacterium spp. , clostridum spp. , and gardenerlla vaginalis.
it acts by damage of dna strands or inhibition of their synthesis.

This medication is used to treat eye infections. Ofloxacin is an antibiotic (quinolone-type) that works by stopping the growth of bacteria. This medication only treats bacterial eye infections. It will not work for other types of eye infections. Unnecessary use or overuse of any antibiotic can lead to its decreased effectiveness.

·        acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis due to haemophilus influenzae or streptococcus pneumoniae

·        community-acquired pneumonia due to haemophilus influenzae or streptococcus pneumoniae

·        uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections due to methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes, or proteus mirabilis.

·        acute, uncomplicated urethral and cervical gonorrhea due to neisseria gonorrhoeae

·        nongonococcal urethritis and cervicitis due to chlamydia trachomatis

·        mixed infections of the urethra and cervix due to chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae

·        acute pelvic inflammatory disease (including severe infection) due to chlamydia trachomatis and/or neisseria gonorrhoeae

·        note: if anaerobic microorganisms are suspected of contributing to the infection, appropriate therapy for anaerobic pathogens should be administered

·        uncomplicated cystitis due to citrobacter diversus, enterobacter aerogenes, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, or pseudomonas aeruginosa

·        complicated urinary tract infections due to escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, citrobacter diversus*, or pseudomonas aeruginosa*.

·        prostatitis due to escherichia coli

ofloxacin tablets is a synthetic broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent for oral administration and is used for following infections

• bacterial infections of the urinary tract, including kidney infections (pyelonephritis), cystitis and chronic prostatitis.
• bacterial infections of the lungs and airways (chest or lower respiratory tract infections).
• bacterial infections of skin or soft tissue (soft tissue is underneath the skin and includes muscle).
• gonorrhoea.
• inflammation of the urethra or cervix that is not caused by gonorrhoea (non-gonococcal urethritis or cervicitis).
• bacterial infections of the blood (septicaemia or blood poisoning).

omeprazole is indicated for short-term treatment of active duodenal ulcer in adults. Most patients heal within four weeks. Some patients may require an additional four weeks of therapy.

omeprazole in combination with clarithromycin and amoxicillin, is indicated for treatment of patients with h. Pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease (active or up to 1-year history) to eradicate h. Pylori in adults.

omeprazole in combination with clarithromycin is indicated for treatment of patients with h. Pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease to eradicate h. Pylori in adults.

omeprazole is indicated for short-term treatment (4-8 weeks) of active benign gastric ulcer in adults.

omeprazole is indicated for the treatment of heartburn and other symptoms associated with gerd in pediatric patients and adults.

omeprazole is indicated for the short-term treatment (4-8 weeks) of erosive esophagitis that has been diagnosed by endoscopy in pediatric patients and adults.

the efficacy of omeprazole used for longer than 8 weeks in these patients has not been established. If a patient does not respond to 8 weeks of treatment, an additional 4 weeks of treatment may be given. If there is recurrence of erosive esophagitis or gerd symptoms (eg, heartburn), additional 4-8 week courses of omeprazole may be considered.

omeprazole is indicated to maintain healing of erosive esophagitis in pediatric patients and adults.

controlled studies do not extend beyond 12 months.

omeprazole is indicated for the long-term treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions (eg, zollinger-ellison syndrome, multiple endocrine adenomas and systemic mastocytosis) in adults.

pantoprazole for injection is indicated for short-term treatment (7 to 10 days) of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (gerd) and a history of erosive esophagitis.

pantoprazole for injection is indicated for the treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions associated with zollinger-ellison syndrome or other neoplastic conditions.

paracetamol is a widely used over-the-counter analgesic (pain reliever) and antipyretic (fever reducer).

it is commonly used for the relief of headaches, and other minor aches and pains, and is a major ingredient in numerous cold and flu remedies. In combination with opioid analgesics, paracetamol could be used also in the management of more severe pain (such as in advanced cancer).

piperacillin and tazobactum for injection is indicated for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe infections caused by piperacillin-resistant, piperacillin/tazobactam susceptible, beta -lactamase producing strains of the designated microorganisms in the specified conditions listed below:

appendicitis (complicated by rupture or abscess) and peritonitis caused by piperacillin-resistant, beta-lactamase producing strains of escherichia coli or the following members of the bacteroides fragilis group: b. Fragilis, b. Ovatus, b. Thetaiotaomicron, or b. Vulgatus .

uncomplicated and complicated skin and skin structure infections, including cellulitis, cutaneous abscesses and ischemic/diabetic foot infections caused by piperacillin-resistant, beta-lactamase producing strains of staphylococcus aureus .

postpartum endometritis or pelvic inflammatory disease caused by piperacillin-resistant, beta-lactamase producing strains of escherichia coli .

community-acquired pneumonia (moderate severity only) caused by piperacillin-resistant, beta-lactamase producing strains of haemophilus influenzae .

nosocomial pneumonia (moderate to severe) caused by piperacillin-resistant, beta-lactamase producing strains of staphylococcus aureus and by piperacillin/tazobactam-susceptible acinetobacter baumannii, haemophilus influenzae, klebsiella pneumoniae, and pseudomonas aeruginosa. (nosocomial pneumonia caused by p. Aeruginosa should be treated in combination with an aminoglycoside).

Povidone-iodine is an iodophore which slowly liberates inorganic iodine in contact with the skin and mucous membranes. Iodine is microbicidal against most bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses and yeasts. Povidone-iodine ointment is used as a general antiseptic in the treatment of skin infections, wounds, cuts, abrasions, burns, if not extensive, bedsores, mouth ulcers and post-operative wounds.

It is indicated for the treatment of infections due to: all species of schistosoma (e.g. Schistosoma mekongi, Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma hematobium), and infections due to the liver flukes, Clonorchis sinensis/Opisthorchis viverrini (approval of this indication was based on studies in which the two species were not differentiated).

propranolol is indicated in the management of hypertension.

propranolol is indicated to decrease angina frequency and increase exercise tolerance in patients with angina pectoris.

propranolol is indicated to control ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation and a rapid ventricular response.

propranolol is indicated to reduce cardiovascular mortality in patients who have survived the acute phase of myocardial infarction and are clinically stable.

propranolol is indicated for the prophylaxis of common migraine headache. The efficacy of propranolol in the treatment of a migraine attack that has started has not been established, and propranolol is not indicated for such use.

propranolol is indicated in the management of familial or hereditary essential tremor. Familial or essential tremor consists of involuntary, rhythmic, oscillatory movements, usually limited to the upper limbs. It is absent at rest, but occurs when the limb is held in a fixed posture or position against gravity and during active movement. Propranolol causes a reduction in the tremor amplitude, but not in the tremor frequency. Propranolol is not indicated for the treatment of tremor associated with parkinsonism.

propranolol improves nyha functional class in symptomatic patients with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.

propranolol is indicated as an adjunct to alpha-adrenergic blockade to control blood pressure and reduce symptoms of catecholamine-secreting tumors.

propranolol is a non-selective beta blocker mainly used in the treatment of hypertension

propranolol is indicated for the management of various conditions including:

• hypertension
• angina pectoris
• tachyarrhythmias
• myocardial infarction
• control of tachycardia/tremor associated with anxiety, hyperthyroidism or lithium therapy.
• essential tremor
• migraine prophylaxis
• cluster headaches prophylaxis
• tension headache (off the label use)

• there has been some experimentation in psychiatric areas:
  • treating the excessive drinking of fluids in psychogenic polydipsia,
  • antipsychotic-induced akathisia,
  • aggressive behavior of patients with brain injuries
  • post-traumatic stress disorder
• glaucoma

the treatment of duodenal ulcer, benign gastric ulcer, reflux esophagitis, post-operative peptic ulcer, zollinger-ellison syndrome and other conditions where reduction of gastric secretion and acid output is desirable. These include treatment of nsaid-induced lesions (ulcers, erosions) and gastrointestinal symptoms and prevention of their recurrence, prophylaxis of gastrointestinal hemorrhage from stress ulceration in seriously ill patients, the prophylaxis of recurrent hemorrhage from bleeding ulcers, and in the prevention of acid aspiration syndrome (mendelson's syndrome) from general anesthesia in patients considered to be at risk for this, including obstetrical patients in labor, and obese patients.

in addition, ranitidine is indicated for the prophylaxis and maintenance treatment of duodenal or benign gastric ulcer in patients with a history of recurrent ulceration.

Ranitidine is indicated in:

1. Short-term treatment of active duodenal ulcer. Most patients heal within 4 weeks. Studies available to date have not assessed the safety of ranitidine in uncomplicated duodenal ulcer for periods of more than 8 weeks.
2. Maintenance therapy for duodenal ulcer patients at reduced dosage after healing of acute ulcers. No placebo-controlled comparative studies have been carried out for periods of longer than 1 year.
3. The treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions (e.g., Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and systemic mastocytosis).
4. Short-term treatment of active, benign gastric ulcer. Most patients heal within 6 weeks and the usefulness of further treatment has not been demonstrated. Studies available to date have not assessed the safety of ranitidine in uncomplicated, benign gastric ulcer for periods of more than 6 weeks.
5. Maintenance therapy for gastric ulcer patients at reduced dosage after healing of acute ulcers. Placebo-controlled studies have been carried out for 1 year.
6. Treatment of GERD. Symptomatic relief commonly occurs within 24 hours after starting therapy with Ranitidine 150 mg b.i.d.
7. Treatment of endoscopically diagnosed erosive esophagitis. Symptomatic relief of heartburn commonly occurs within 24 hours of therapy initiation with Ranitidine 150 mg q.i.d.
8. Maintenance of healing of erosive esophagitis. Placebo-controlled trials have been carried out for 48 weeks.

ranitidine hydrochloride is a histamine h₂-receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production. It is commonly used in treatment of peptic ulcer disease (pud) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (gerd). Ranitidine is also used alongside fexofenadine and other antihistamines for the treatment of skin conditions such as hives.

salbutamol tablets belong to a group of medicines called selective beta-2-adrenergic agonists, which can be used to relax the muscles of the airways and womb. Salbutamol tablets may be used in:

• asthma, to relieve the narrowing of the airways
• chronic bronchitis
• emphysema
• the prevention of premature labour.