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Petroleum Products

Petroleum products are useful materials derived from crude oil (petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries.According to crude oil composition and demand, refineries can produce different shares of petroleum products. Largest share of oil products is used as energy carriers: various grades of fuel oil and gasoline. Refineries also produce other chemicals, some of which are used in chemical processes to produce plastics and other useful materials

Benzene Chemical

Benzene is primarily used as a chemical raw material in the synthesis of styrene (polystyrene plastics and synthetic rubber), phenol (phenolic resins), cyclo hexane (nylon), aniline maleic anhydride (polyester resins), alkyl benzenes (detergents), chloro benzenes and other products used in the production of drugs, dyes, insecticides and plastics.

It confirms to IS:534-1974 Specifications

Test	Method	Specification
Appearance	Visual	Clear liquid of sediment and haze when observed at 18.30 C to 25.60 C
Color	D-1209	Max. 20 on Pt-Co scale
Relative density at :15.56/15.56 0 C gm/ml	D-4052	0.8820 to 0.8860
Distillation range	D-850	Not more than 1 0 C including the temp. of 80.1 0 C.
Sulphur compounds	D-853	Free of H2S and SO2
Solidification point, 0 C.	D-852	Min. 5.2 (Being not lower than 4.85 0 C anhydrous basis)
Acidity	D-847	No free acid, i.e. no evidence of acidity
Acid Wash Color	D-848	Not darker than No. 2 Colour Standard.
Copper corrosion	D-849	Passes 1A or 1B
CONFORMS TO ASTM GRADE D835-90 OF NITRATION GRADE BENZENE
In addition BPCL follows the following spec for better customer satisfaction.
Non-Aromatics, ppm	GLC	Max. 300
Toluene, ppm	GLC	Max. 500

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Bitumen Product

Bitumen is used for road construction, surfacing airfield runways and taxi tracks, hydraulic applications such as canal lining, river bank protection, dam construction and sea defenses.

It is also used in industrial applications like roofing, felt manufacture, printing inks, electrical cable, junction boxes, mastic for flooring, water proofing for terraces, duplex paper manufacture, etc. Bharat Petroleum markets Bitumen in three grades namely 30/40, 60/70, 80/100. The Bitumen is available in packed as well in bulk.

Specifications of various grades are mentioned below:

Test	BIS Method	Specifications
		30/40	60/70	80/100
Specific Gravity 27/270 C	1202	Min. 0.99	Min. 0.99	Min. 0.98
Water % w	1211	Max. 0.2	Max. 0.2	Max. 0.2
Flash Point, (P-M.C.C.)0 C	1209 (A)	Min. 175	Min. 175	Min. 175
Softening Point., 0 C	1205	50 to 65	40 to 55	35 to 50
Penetration @ 250 C, 0.1 mm 100 gm, 5 sec.	1203	30 to40*	60 to 70**	80 to 100***
Ductility @ 270 C, cm	1208	Min. 50	Min. 75	Min. 75
Loss on Heating, % w	1212	Max. 1	Max. 1	Max. 1
Penetration of Residue after heating (% of original)	1212/1203	Min. 60	Min. 60	Min. 60
Matter soluble in CS2, % w	1216	Min. 99	Min. 99	Min. 99
*	Min. 32 Max. 40
**	Min. 63 Max. 70
* **	Min. 83 Max. 100

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Toluene Chemical

Toluene is primarily used in manufacture of chemicals, drugs, explosives, food flavouring and sweetening agents, paints and resins.

It confirms to IS: 537-1967 Specifications.

Test	Method	Specification
Colour	5 (IS : 82)1973	Not darker than freshly prepared solution of 0.8 ml. of 0.1N Potassium Dichromate and 12 ml. of 0.1N of Cobalt Sulphate made up to 1000 ml with water.
Sp. Gravity	6.3.3 of	0.8700 to 0.8740
At 15/15 0 C gm/ml	IS : 82 - 1973	0.8590 to 0.8630
Distillation range	IS : 5298(1969)	The difference between temperature (running pts) at which 1 and 96% of the volume taken have been collected shall not exceed 0.6 0 C when a treated sample is tested by standard method. This range shall include the temperature of 110.6 0 C.
Residue on evaporation, mg/1000 ml	9 of IS:82-1973	Max. 5
Total Sulphur % wt.	Appendix C of IS:537-1967	Max. 0.1
Hydrogen Sulphide	Appendix D of IS:537-1967	To pass test
Mercaptan	P:19 of IS:1448	Shall give no positive reaction.
CONFORMS TO BIS SPECIFICATIONS OF IS:537-1967 NITRATION GRADE OF TOLUENE.
In addition BPCL follows the following spec for better customer satisfaction.
Acid Wash Colour	D - 848	Not darker than No. 2
		Color Standard.
Distillation	IS:5298-1969	Difference between IBP and DP shall be not more than 10 C

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Hexane Chemical

Hexane is a colourless solvent. This product is essentially designed for use as solvent in extraction of vegetable oils such as cotton seed, groundnut, mustard, rape seed, etc. and for extraction of essential oils from flowers.

It is also used:

For the preparation of rubber adhesives and can sealing compounds.
As a fuel in gas generation plants. Where a supply of gas is required but where town gas or liquefied petroleum gas is not available petroleum/air gas plants are often used. Hexane is used for these gas plants of aerogen type.

Characteristics	Requirements	Methods of Test IS:1448
Distillation range :-		P.18(Method B)
a).Initial Boiling Point, 0 C min.	63
b).Dry Point, 0 C., max.	70
c).Temperature range of final 10%, 0 C	2
Composition:-
a).Aromatics, %V, max.		P:63
b).Saturates, %V, min		P:23
Density at 25 0 C., max.	0.69	Appendix A of IS:3470-66
Color (Say bolt), min.	30	P:14
Sulphur content ppm max.	75	Appendix B of IS:3470-66
Copper strip corrosion, 3 hrs. @ 50 0 C., max.	1	P:15(Method C)
Doctor Test	Negative	P:19
Lead, g/l, max.	0	Appendix C of IS:3470-66
Phosphates, ppm., max.	20	P:54
Chlorides (as cl), ppm., max.	20	Appendix D of IS:3470-66
Bromine Number, max.	1	P:44
Non-volatile residue, g/100ml.	0	Appendix E of max. IS:3470-66
Reaction of non-volatile residue	To pass the test.	Appendix F of IS:3470-66

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Mineral Turpentine Oil

By far the main outlet for this product is in the manufacture of surface coatings, I.e paints, varnished and lacquers. Surface coatings are used for the protection and/or decoration of surfaces and are usually applied as liquids, eventually hardening to give a solid film.

Dry cleaning: The principle of dry cleaning is simple; most solid dirt is held in the garment by a thin film of grease. The function of cleaning solvent is to dissolve this grease. The dirt can then be removed fairly easily by mechanical means in machines, where the clothes are agitated whilst immersed in solvent. A Solvent recovery system is usually incorporated. Generally solvents with relatively higher flash points are used in order to minimize the fire hazard

Other uses include :

Solvent for textile printing with pigment colours

Solvent for metal and machine degreasing

Thinner for oil soluble rust preventive

Solvent for insecticidal formulation

Thinner for lithographic varnishes

Diluent for many types of water proofing moth proofing, binding and sealing compounds

Solvent for wax, rubber and resins in the manufacture of electrical insulating compounds.

Solvent in the preparation of bituminous paints

Scouring agent for raw wool

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Light Diesel Oil

Light Diesel Oil falls under class C category fuel having flash point above 66OC. It is a blend of distillate components and a small amount of residual components. It is marketed under BIS 1460-2000 specification for Diesel fuels. Whereas HSD is used as a fuel for high-speed engines having 750 RPM and above in most of the prime movers used, LDO is used in lower RPM engines. It is used in Lift irrigation pumpsets, DG Sets and as a fuel in certain boilers and furnaces.

Safety Information

Reactivity Data - Chemically stable and incompatible with strong oxidizers. Does not React vigorously with common materials but may react with oxidizing agents
Health Hazard Data - Routes of entry may be through inhalation/ ingestion/ skin/ eye.

Effects of Exposure / Symptoms

Inhalation causes dizziness and headache.
Ingestion may lead to nausea vomitting, irritation of mouth and gastro-intestinal effects likely. Potentially fatal chemical pneumonitis.
On Skin and eye contact , irritation will remove natural fats from skin. Prolonged or repeated contact should be avoided, Otherwise skin chapping or cracking or possible contact of dermatitis may result. Dry skin, erythema oil acne and oil folliculitis and warty growth may occur which may become skin cancer subsequently on excessive repeated exposure.

Emergency Treatment

Inhalation - Remove victim to fresh air. Give artificial respiration if necessary. If unconscious but breathing, place in recovery (Unconscious) position and give external cardiac massage if necessary.
Ingestion - Do not induce vomiting. Remove contaminated clothing. Wash all affected skin thoroughly with soap and water.
Eyes – Irrigate eyes with copious amounts of water. Administration of medical paraffin may reduce absorption through digestive tract.
Gastric lavage should be done only after endo tracheal intubation in view of respiration which may cause serious chemical pnemonitis for which antibiotic and cortico-steroid therapy may be indicated.

Handling and Storage Precaution Store in a dry cool, well-ventilated area away from heat and flame and keep away oxidizing agents. Avoid contact with liquid or vapours. To use gumboots while handling the product. The fire fighting media to be used is foam, DCP/CO2.

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Furnace Oil

Furnace oil is a Dark, viscous residual fuel oil which is obtained by blending residual products from various refining processes with suitable diluent usually middle distillates to obtain the required fuel oil grades. These fuel oil grades are similar in nature and have been marketed under different specifications in various countries. In India it is sold under BIS specification IS 1593-1982, Medium Viscosity Grade 2 (MV 2 – 180 cst FO) / High Viscosity Grade (HV – 380 cst FO).

Uses of Furnace Oil are:

As fuel for Power Generation in DG Sets
As fuel for Boilers/ Furnaces/ Air preheater/ Any other Heaters
Fuel for Bunkering
Fuel/ Feedstock in Fertilizer Plants

Furnace oil is a class C product having Flash Point above 66 ^OC. Since this is a residual fuel, there has to be gradual filtration system to prevent the filter choking and fuel nozzles choking. Due to its viscous nature, it has to be heated to improve its flowability and to a proper temperature for proper atomisation. Normally gear pumps are preferred to avoid cavitation problems

Characteristics	Requirements Grade MV2 / HV	Methods of Test [P:]of IS:1448
Inorganic acidity	Nil	[P:2]
Ash, % wt. Max	0.1	[P:4] Method A
Gross calorific value, Cal/ gm	(typical 10200)	[P:6 or 7]
Flash point (PMCC) OC. Min	66	[P:21]
Kinematic viscosity, cSt at 50OC	125-180 / 180 - 370	[P:25]
Sediment, % wt. Max	0.25	[P:30]
Sulphur, total % wt. Max-	4.0 / 4.5	[P:33 or 35]
Water content, % v/v, Max	1	[P:40]
*Pour Point, OC, Max	21	[P:10]
* Pour Point varies between Summer and Winter. Conforms to BIS specification IS:1593-1982

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Special Boiling Point Spirits (S.B.P.s)

S.B.P.s may be narrow or wide boiling fractions, generally within the range 35⁰C and 160⁰C. They are fractionally distilled to specially selected distillation ranges and subsequently refined to enable a suitable grade to be chosen for any particular industrial purpose.

The main use of SBP Spirit 55/115 is in the rubber industry particularly in tyre manufacture, where successive layers of rubber and rubberised fabric and build up. The brief application of SBP, between each layer results in thickening of the surfaces and satisfactory adhesion until the layers are eventually welded together by vulcanisation. The time of contact should not be too long, and solvency not too high, and hence volatile, low aromatic SBPs, such as SBP 55/115 are used. Rapid solvent evaporation is also necessary to avoid slowing down the rate of work.It is also used for preparation of certain rubber mixes, cements and adhesives.

It is also used in following applications:

As a thinner for varnish, paint and printing inks formulations where quick drying is possible.
As a diluents for lacquer, enamels, high grade leather dopes, and as a solvent for processing polishing, cleaning and water proofing compounds.
As a fuel in gas generation plants.
As a solvent for dry-cleaning where quick drying time and reduced odour are desired.

Characteristics	Requirements	Methods of Test IS:1448
Colour (Saybolt) min.	25	P:14
Density @ 15 0 C.g/ml	To be reported	P:16
Distillation range : P:18
a).Initial Boiling Point, 0 C min.	50
50%V recovered at, in 0 C	To be reported
95%V recovered at, in 0 C	To be reported
Dry Point, 0 C max.	120
Aromatic content % V max.	35	P:23 or 48
Copper Strip corrosion for 3 hrs. at 50 0 C.	Not worse than No.1	P:15
Residue on evaporation, mg/100 5 ml, max.	5	P:29(Air jet, Solvent washed)
* Pour Point varies between Summer and Winter. Conforms to BIS specification IS:1593-1982

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