Washed Grades

TEST	SPPA	SPPA(S)	PHARMA	PHARMA(S)	PHARMA(ssp)	P(ssp)	SP(SSP)
Methylene Blue mg/g	200	240	280	320	360	400	450
KMnO4 % min	45	50	60	75	85	90	92
Ash%	4	4	3	2.5	2	2.5	1.0
Iron ppm max	250	250	200	150	100	50	50
Acid Solubles %max	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	<1
Moisture %max	10	5	5	5	5	5	5
Chloride Ppm max	1200	1200	1000	100	100	100	100

Water Solubles % max: 1 pH: 6 to 7.5 Unwashed Grades

TEST	SP	(U)	(U-1)	(U-2)	(U-3)	(U-4)	(U-5)	(U-6)	(U-7)	(U-8)
Methylene Blue mg/g	100	150	180	240	270	300	340	360	400	450
KMnO4 % min	25	35	40	45	60	70	75	80	85	90
Iron ppm max	1000	800	600	600	600	600	600	600	600	600
Acid Solubles %max	12	10	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5
Moisture % max	11	11	11	10	10	10	10	10	10	10

Granular Activated Carbon is produced from any carbonaceous material like Eucalyptus, Saw dust, Rice Husk, Coal, Wood, Lignite and Coconut Shell but our Granular Activated Carbon is manufactured only from Coconut Shell only, it is hard compared with other carbon and has a higher surface area. It gives more adsorption capacity due to its micro porous structure and superior hardness.

Application of Granular Activated Carbon

Effluent Treatment Plant

Waste Water Treatment for Reduction in the level of BOD & COD.

Catalyst in Chemical-Metallurgical Industries & Petroleum Industry.

Swimming Pools & Soft Drinks Plant for De chlorination.

Purification of Drinking Water & Industrial Gases.

Solvent & Gold Recovery.

Absorption of Dissolved Organic Matter.

Water and Gas Mask Filter.

Breweries and Distilleries.

Specification of Granular Activated Carbon Appearance: Black Granules Particle Size:Any sieve size 4/8, 8/16, 12/30, 4/16, 8/30, 16/30

Iodine Adsorption mg/gm	500 /-25	750 /-25	850 /-25	950 /-50	1100 /-50
pH	9 to 10	9 to 10	9 to 10	9 to 10	9 to 10
Moisture %	5	5	5	5	5
Total Surface area sq.mtrs./gm	500	750	950	950	1100
Bulk Density gm/cc	0.55 /-0.05	0.53 /0.05	0.51 /0.0	0.50 /0.05	0.48 /0.05
Ball pan Hardness no.	90	85	80	80	70
Ash Content%	5% Max	5% Max	5% Max	5% Max	5% Max

It is a mineral of vegetable origin. It represents the accumulation of an enormous number of fossil diatoms. Diatomite is called miraculous mineral because of its lightness, porosity and its uniquely honeycombed structure which makes it an ideal filtering medium. And because of its inherent stability and the absence of most trace elements, Diatomite is ideal for use by processor who have very high purity requirements such as the food, beverages and pharmaceutical industries, etc. Filtration using diatomite is a two step operation. First, a thin protective layer of filter aid, called the precoat, is built up on the filter septum by recirculating a filter aid slurry. After precoating, small amounts of filter aid (body feed) are regularly added to the liquid to be filtered. As filtering progresses, the filter aid, mixed with the suspended solids from the unfiltered liquid, is deposited on the precoat. Thus, a new filtering surface is continuously formed. The minute filter aid particles provide countless microscopic channels which entrap suspended impurities but allow liquid to pass through, without clogging. An efficient, economical filter aid must: 1) have rigid intricately shaped, porous individual particles. 2) form a highly permeable, stable and incompressible cake 3) remove even the finest solids at high rates of flow 4) be chemically inert and essentially insoluble in the liquid being filtered.

PRECOATING The first step in the use is to built up a “precoat” of filter aid on the filter septum. The purpose of the precoat is threefold: 1. To prevent the filter septum from becoming clogged by impurities, prolonging septum life. 2. To give immediate clarity. 3. To facilitate cleaning of the septum at the end of the cycle.

Activated Carbon is a Micro porous material manufactured from carbonaceous raw material i.e. Wood, Coconut Shell, Rice Husk, etc. The activation process develops a myriad of pores of molecular dimensions within the carbon which together constitutes an enormous internal surface area. The carbon atoms at the internal surface of Activated Carbon exert an attraction on the molecules of the surrounding gases and liquids. The Strength of this force is related to the molecular structure of the surrounding medium. This is the mechanism by which Activated Carbon can be used to remove different components from a mixture. Activated carbons are used as purifying and decolouring agents in a wide range of process and they absorb between 10% to 90% of their own weight of impurities from Aquarius solution. Activated Carbon is added to the process liquor in an agitated vessel and filtered off after the required contact time. Activated Carbon are of Two Type POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON & GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON Different type of Powdered Activated carbon are available for use in different industries depending upon their industrial requirement as to METHYLENE BLUE adsorption, ASH Contents, IRON contents, CHLORIDE Contents, ACID Solubles etc. Granular Activated Carbon is used for Effluent and Water Treatment and different grades are identified by its lodine Value. RAW Material : Silicon’s Activated Carbon is made from Charcoals of Pine Wood, Eucalyptus Wood and Coconut Shell depending upon the requirement of the user. Pine wood and Eucalyptus wood based charcoals are soft and have a high degree of Porosity and therefore give better activation. I.e. More Methylene Blue adsorption, while those made from Coconut Shell charcoals have advantage of being hard and hence there is less abrasion. Applications Water Treatment (Potable, Process and Waste Water) Food Industry Pharmaceutical industry Chemical industry Gas & Air purification Medicines.

Specifications: Diatomite Supercel is produced by Calcination of material along with flux at 1100 -c to 1200 -c, This produces each coated Particle for clear & Higher rate of flow for filtration. Color: White Texture: Amorphous

Spec.	Grade 918	920	540	535	525	Beverages
Specific Gravity	2.35	2.35	2.15	2.15	2.15	2.15
Dry Loose Density gm/cc	0.36-0.40	0.20-0.40	0.16	0.22-0.24	0.20-0.22	0.16-0.18
Water absorption% weight of diatomites supercel	80-85	120-150	120-150	90-120	100-130	120-150
% Water as shipped	0.3	0.3	0.3-0.5	0.3-0.5	0.3-0.5	0.3-0.5
Flow rate With h2o at 1kg/Min/sq.mtr pressure	60-65(litre)	80-85	85-100	83-100	70-90	85-100
Mesh Size (Air Classified)	200	200	325	325	325	325

Chemical Composition

Spec.	Grade 918	920	540	535	525	Grade Beverages
SiO2 %	99-96	88-92	86-92	90-92	88-92	88-92
Na2O%	Traces	Traces	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5
K2O%	0.1-0.5	0.1-0.6	0.1-1.5	0.1-1.5	0.1-1.5	0.1-1

Al2O2%: 4 to 7 Fe3O2%: 0.35 Cao%: Traces Loose on % Ignitation at 1000°C: 0.5 PH: 6.5 to 8.0

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION CaCO3 Small quantities of magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc and lead may be present replacing the calcium.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERS: It is colourless or white, some times with grey, yellow, blue and red tints. It has vitreous to earthy luster. It can be Scratched by knife, hardness-3 and specific gravity is 2.7 it shows conchoidal fracture and is in fusible, becoming highly luminous when heated it gives effervescence with evolution of carbon dioxide in cold dilute acid.

SPECIFICATION: (a)Optical Use: Should Have Perfect Crystalline Structure and transparency. The crystal must be at least 2.54 cm (one inch) long by 1.27 cm thick. It should be colourless and free form cloudy inclusions, cavities or foreign substances "lceland spar " is greatly valued in optical industry for the manufacture of Nicol prism. (b) Calcite/Aragonite: IS 918-1968

Characteristic	Requirement
Fineness (a) Residue on 75-micron,IS Sieve, Percent By Weight Max. (b) Residue on 150 micron OS Sieve Percent by weight Max.	0.5 0.1
Loss on drying percent by weight max.	0.5
Bulk Density gms per ml.	As agreed to between the purchaser and the supplier
Calcium Carbonate (as CaCO3), percent weight on dry basis min.	98.0
Magnesium and alkali salts, percent by weight (Max.)	1.0
Aluminium iron, Phosphates and matter insoluble in hydrochloric acid, percent by weight (Max.)	0.5
Iron (as Fe) Percent by weight Max	0.03
Arsenic as (As2O3),parts per million max	2.0
Lead (as Pb), parts per million, Max.	10.0
Chlorides (as CI, percent by weight Max)	0.04
Soluble Alkali (as Na2 O), percent by weight Max.	0.08

China clay is an important raw material of ceramic industry. In consists of Partly Crystalline and party amorphous minerals of Kaoline group. So it can also be called as Kaolinite is derived from Kaoline Which is a corruption of the Chinese Kauling mealig high ridge. In Short china clay is the deposites of kaoline produced by hydrothermal decomposition or weathering of feldspar.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION: The Chemical Composition of china clay is, hydrous aluminium silicate. AI4 Si4 O10 (OH)8

PHYSICAL CHARACTERS Ordinary china clay occurs as white earthy masses that are easily crushed and soils the finger. The colour is white but sometimes Coloured by iron or other stains. It is brittle and often has slippery feel. It has distinguishing feature that is usually emits a clayey odour when breathed upon and becomes plastic when wet. Further it has high resistance to heat. The Specific Gravity is 2.2 - 2.6 and hardness is 1.0 - 2.5.

SPECIFICATION Ceramic Industry: IS-2840-1965 Indian Standards for china clay for use in ceramic industry.

CHARACTERISTIC REQUIREMENT	Grade-1	Grade-2
Fineness (residue on) 44 micron I.S.Sieve	1.0	2.0
Loss in ignition percent by wt.	12 (min)	10.5 (min)
Alumina (as A1) Percent By wt.	36.0(min)	30.0(min)
Oxide of iron (as Fe)Percent by wt.	1.0(max)	1.5(max)
Titanium Oxide (as Ti) percent, by wt.	0.7(max)	1.5(max)
Oxide of iron (as Fe & titanium Oxide (as Ti) together, percent by wt.	1.5(max)	2.75(max)`
water of Plasticity	22%(min)	22.1(max)
Shrinkage Linear (a) Dry shrinkage (110 C) (b) Fire Shrinkage (at super cone - 12)	8% (max) 18 % (max)	8% (max) 18 % (max)

The name dolomite has been given in honour of the French chemist, Dolomieu (1750-1801). Dolomite is an important natural resources used in many industries. It occurs as a rock and shows valuable composition, being a mixture of lime and magnesia. Dolomite (CaCO3, MgCO3) theoretically contains CaCO3 54.35% and MgCO3 45.65% or (CaO 30.4%, MgO 21.9%) and CO2 47.7%.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION Dolomite is carbonate of calcium and Magnesium CaMg (CO3)2 In ordinary dolomite, the proportion of CaCO3 to MgCO3 is 1:1. However, calcium may substitute for magnesium upto about Ca:Mg=l :5 in the magnesium position and Magnesium may substitute For calcium upto about Mg:Ca=l:20 in the calcium position. Further in addition to this, dolomite is a double carbonate of calcium and Magnesium and theoretically contains about 21.7% Magnesium and 30.4% lime, the rest in carbon dioxide.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERS Dolomite occurs in gritty and crystalline forms of variable grain size. It is hard and compact. Dolomite is only slightly attacked by cold dilute acids in contrast to calcite but dissolves readily in worm acids. It is in fusible before blow pipe and glows brightly. The colour is usually snow white or brownish white. Chocolate brown or tuff to grey varieties are also found. • Specific gravity 2.8 - 2.9 Hardness

SPECIFICATION 3V2-4.0 a)Refractories MgCO3>35%, (MgO 16.7%) SiO2< 10% Al2O3 & Fe2O3: Not more than 1.5%. Dolomite should be fine grained, compact & preferably cryptocrystalline. b)Flux CaO.....29% MgO.....20% SiO2....4.07 AI2O3...2.27 The magnesia content of the slag determines its subsequent utilization. c)Glass the dolomite should be of high grade containing less than 0.2% of iron oxide.

TYPES Mineral which resemble to dolomite is Ankerite Ca (MgFe) (CO3)2 with a chemical composition and is rhombohedral carbonate an analogous with dolomite structure in which ferrous iron replaces part of Magnesium.

Feldspar are one of the most abundant-rock forming minerals in the earth's crust, comprising a complex of varieties. The term Feldspar designates a group of minerals that have a general similarity in physical and chemical properties. The Feldspars are indeed so much alike in appearance and general properties that they cannot be told apart megascopically except in specially Favourable circumstances.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

NAISi3 O8 (N For Na, k, Ca & Ba)

PHYSICAL CHARACTERS

Specific Gravity:

-Potassic Feldspar 2.5-2.6 -Plagioclase Feldspar 2.6-2.8

Hardness:

-Potassic Feldspar 6-6 1/2 -Plagioclase Feldspar 6-6 1/2

TYPES

Pure Feldspar

-Orthoclase: KAI Si3O8 silicate of potassium and aluminium, Flash red, Brick red. -Albite: Na AiSi3 O8 Silicate of sodium and aluminium, White Gray, Colourless. -Anorthite: Ca AI2 Si3 O8 silicate ofcalcium & aluminum, White Gray, Colourless.

Solid Solutions

-Alkali feldspars: (KNa)ALSi3O8 solid solution of orthoclase and albite -Plagioclase Feldspars: NaALSi3O8 X (Ca AL2 Si2 O8). Solid solution of albite & anorthite. USES -Ceramic flux: Ceramic binder for abrasive wheels. -Coease Powder: Glass manufacture, Source of potassium salts. -Mild abrasive: Sand paper for wood working, Glass polishing. -Other uses: Acid resistant, catalyst, decorative stone.

GEOLOGICAL SETTING In Gujarat Feldspar is found associated with igneous rocks. In Sabarkantha District the idear granite Masses accompanied by pegmatites with usual coarse grained nature and graphic texture are conssisting of minerals constituents, Like orthoclase, White or green microcline, Quartz, biotite tourmaline and fluorite.

'Silica' occurs in several from & when crystallized, occurs as hexagonal Prisms with its heating at 575 C, Quartz (Alpha-Quartz) inverts to high temperature quartz (Beta-Quartz) which Further invert at 87°C to tridymite & this at about 147°C passes into cristobalite & finally to a Silica melt at 171°C to 1756°C The important varities of crystalline quartz are vein quartz, milky, ferruginous, Aventurine quartz cat's eye, rock crystal, amethyst, transparent, besides rock, smoky etc.

COMPOSITION The Crystallized common rock making quartz is pure silica SiO2 but certain massive varieties of silica, such as jasper and opal, which are not crystallized or not apparently so, are of common occurrence and take part in forming rocks, contain in addition more or less combined water, white impurities like clay and oxide of iron are generally present and give them distinctive colours.

PHYSICAL CHARATERS The average specific gravity is 2.65 it's hardness is 7,very important property. Quartz Crystals often slow faces very irregularly developed and are often distorted Occasionally crystals contain small cavities partially or wholly Silica with liquid. Quartz also occurs massive, granular and sometimes stalactite Luster-vitreous occasionally resinous, transparent to opaque, fracture-conchoidal. it is also a refractory material special types of crystalline varieties have electrical properties.

SPECIFICATION VALLABH GLASS WORKS Colour should be snow white, Coal dust contamination should be particularly nil. -Rejection on 16 mesh: Nil -Rejection on 22 mesh: Nil -Rejection on 36 mesh: Not more than 20 % -Rejection on 52 mesh: 23% to 27% -Rejection on 72 mesh: 23% to 27% -Rejection on 100 mesh: 15% to 20% -Rejection on 120 mesh: 3% to 4% -Rejection on 150 mesh: 2% to 3% -Passing through 150 mesh: Not more than 6%

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS -SiO2: Not < 99.50% -Al2O3: Not < 0.30%

Silica sand is produced by crushing sand stone or quartzite of open texture, and washing and garding it to yield requisite grain distribution. Silica flour is produced by crushing grinding and washing the high grade quartz, quartzite rocks or from white silica sand.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION: Sio2 the general impurities are iron/aluminium oxides and lime.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERS: Sandstone is a friable & hard. The grain size of the particles is variable. it is friable & mainly brown to grey in colour.

SPECIFICATION: Glass making sand IS 488 - 1963. Indian Standard for silica sand used for glass making.


GRADES a)Special Grade: intended for the manufacture of high grade colour less glass. Such as Crystal Glass, tableware & other decorative wares. b)Grade 1. intended for the manufacture of decolourised glassware, such as container ware, lamp ware. c)Grade 2. intended for the manufacture of glassware where slight tint is permissible. d) Grade 3 intended for the manufacture of glasses like sheet glass and some colored glass like iron sulphur amber glass.

USES Silica sand used for water purification and manufacture of glass, synthetic foundry moulding catalysts, disodium ultramarine etc. it is also used for acid heat resistant ceramics, refractories, pottery glaze, enamel etc. Silica sand of 150 mesh is used in Sawing stone, grinding and surfacing glass and polishing marble Rounded Grains of silica sand are used for sand blasting it is also used as a filler in paints 'Wood Paste' moulded hard rubber goods, gypsum Plasters, oxychloride acoustic plasters and soap.

GEOLOGICAL SETTING It occurs as loose or poorly consolidated deposits of sedimentary origin or as dunes blow inland from the coast or as accumulated deposits in estuaries.

A siliceous sediment made up more or less entirely of the microscopic plants called diatoms. It is exceedingly fine grained, in coherent and highly absorbent. It is used in filters, as an absorbent for nitro glycerine and as an ultra fine abrasive. Many material can be substituted for dialomite. However, the unique properties of dialomite assure its continuing use for many applications. Expanded pertile and silica sand complete for filtration purpose. Alternate filler materials for dialomite include talc, ground silica soap, ground mica, clay, pertile, vermiculite etc.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES The specific gravity of the material is 2.03 while apparent density is 0.38. It shows filter ability of 7.5 ml minute and pH value 8.80 indicating its high alkaline character. These general properties are comparable to properties for diatomites described by Searle and Grimshaw (1960). Diatomite comprises the siliceous shell of diatoms which are microscopic unicellular floating aquatic algae. It has a chemical composition similar to opal and hydrous silica.

USES 1. As a filter aid specially for colloidal or solid solution like fruit juices, oil, antibiotic etc. 2. Life saving drugs like tetra cycline and insulin are filtered through diatomite. 3. As a absorbent in increasing in preparation of vegetable oil, poly-ethylene & as a flattening agent in paint, plastic, rubber, drugs, toothpaste etc. 4. As a abrasive in metal polishing in automobiles and toothpaste. 5. As a pozolanic admixtures in cement industries. 6. As a coating material in the manufacturing of ammonium nitrate fertilizers.

GEOLOGICAL SETTING The diatomite patches observed at the Padva, Morchand village of Gogha taluka district Bhavnagar appear to form a single bed which is locally disconnected. The bed has a thickness of about a metre. It is found to rest unconformably over lateritic material and in turn is conformably overlain by clay beds.