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Granite has been extensively used as a dimension stone and as flooring tiles in public and commercial buildings and monuments. With increasing amounts of acid rain in parts of the world, granite has begun to supplant marble as a monument material, since it is much more durable. Polished granite is also a popular choice for kitchen countertops due to its high durability and aesthetic qualities.
Granite - India is endowed with one of the best granite deposits in the world having excellent varieties comprising over 200 shades. India accounts for over 20% of the world resources in granite. Granite reserves in India are estimated at over 1,690 million cubic metres. Splendid black and multicolour varieties of granite are available in the states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu and Uttar Pradesh. Granite deposits are also widespread over the provinces of Rajasthan, Bihar, West Bengal and Gujarat. India is the largest exporter of granite and granite products in the world. State wise details of major varieties of granite available in India are given in the Table.
Granite, igneous rock of visible crystalline formation and texture. It is composed of feldspar (usually potash feldspar and oligoclase) and quartz, with a small amount of mica (biotite or muscovite) and minor accessory minerals, such as zircon, apatite, magnetite, ilmenite, and sphene. Granite is usually whitish or gray with a speckled appearance caused by the darker crystals. Potash feldspar imparts a red or flesh color to the rock. Granite crystallizes from magma that cools slowly, deep below the earth''s surface. Exceptionally slow rates of cooling give rise to a very coarse-grained variety called pegmatite. Granite, along with other crystalline rocks, constitutes the foundation of the continental masses, and it is the most common intrusive rock exposed at the earth''s surface.
Although granite has been known as igneous rocks derived from, molten masses or magmas, but there is wide evidence that the origin of some granite may be attributed to regional metamorphism or preexisting rocks, rearrangement and recrystallization taking place without a liquid or molten stage. The specific gravity of granite ranges from 2.63 to 2.75. Its crushing strength is from 1050 to 14,000 kg per sq cm (15,000 to 20,000 lb per sq in). Granite has greater strength than sandstone, limestone, and marble and is correspondingly more difficult to quarry.
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Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the mineral calcite (calcium carbonate: CaCO3Limestone often contains variable amounts of silica in the form of chert or flint, as well as varying amounts of clay, silt and sand as disseminations, nodules, or layers within the rock. The primary source of the calcite in limestone is most commonly marine organisms. Pure limestone is almost white. Because of impurities, such as clay, sand, organic remains, iron oxide and other materials, many limestone exhibit different colors, especially on weathered surfaces. Limestone may be crystalline, clastic, granular, or massive, depending on the method of formation. Crystals of calcite, quartz, dolomite or barite may line small cavities in the rock. Folk and Dunham classifications are used to describe limestone more precisely.
Limestone contains a number of distinguishable natural characteristics, including calcite streaks or spots, fossils or shell formations, pit holes, reedy formations, open texture streaks, honeycomb formations, iron spots , travertine-like formations and grain formation changes. One or a combination of these characteristics will affect the texture. Classification
LOW DENSITY - Limestone having a density ranging from 110 through 135/lb/ft3 (1760 through 2160 kg/m3)..
MEDIUM DENSITY - Limestone having a density greater that 135 and not greater than 160 lb/ft3 (2160 through 2560 kg/m3).
HIGH DENSITY - Limestone having a density greater than 160 lb/ft3 (2560 kg/m3). Uses of limestone
Limestone is especially popular in architecture, and many landmarks around the world, especially in North America, Europe, and the pyramids in Egypt are made of limestone. Limestone is readily available and relatively easy to cut into blocks or more elaborate carving. It is also long-lasting and stands up well to exposure. However, it is a very heavy material, making it impractical for tall buildings, and relatively expensive as a building material.
Limestone is used as a facade on some skyscrapers, but only in thin plates for covering rather than solid blocks. In the United States, Indiana, most notably the Bloomington area, has long been a source of high quality quarried limestone, called Indiana limestone. Many famous buildings in London are built from Portland limestone.
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Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains. Most sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar because these are the most common minerals in the Earth''s crust. Like sand, sandstone may be any color, but the most common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, gray and white. Since sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other topographic features, certain colors of sandstone have been strongly identified with certain regions. Some sandstone are resistant to weathering, yet are easy to work. This makes sandstone a common building and paving material. Because of the hardness of the individual grains, uniformity of grain size and friability of its structure, sandstone is an excellent material from which to make grindstones, for sharpening blades and other implements. Non-friable sandstone can be used to make grindstones for grinding grain, e.g., grit stone. Rock formations that are primarily sandstone usually allow percolation of water and are porous enough to store large quantities, making them valuable aquifers. Fine-grained aquifers, such as sandstones, are more apt to filter out pollutants from the surface than are rocks with cracks and crevices, such as limestone or other rocks fractured by seismic activity. Once the geological characteristics of sandstone have been established, it can then be assigned to one of three broad groups:
arkosic sandstones, which have a high (>25%) feldspar content and a composition similar to granite. quartzose sandstones which have a high (>90%) quartz content. Sometimes these sandstones are termed "orthoquartzites", e.g., the Tuscarora Quartzite of the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians. Also known as beach sand. argillaceous sandstones, such as greywacke, which have a significant clay or silt content.
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Natural slate is a compact metamorphic rock, composed primarily of silica and alumina. It is used in large scales in the construction of buildings and for flooring, roofing and wall cladding. It is a fine-grained rock formed by the composition of mud and stone sediment. Being a natural material, slate is found beneath the earth''s surface in many countries throughout the world. Sandstone reserves in India are estimated at around 1000 million tons and spread over the states of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Karnataka, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Tamilnadu and West Bengal. Over 90% of the deposits of sandstone are in Rajasthan, spread over the districts of Bharatpur, Dholpur, Kota, Jodhpur, Sawai-Madhopur, Bundi, Chittorgarh, Bikaner, Jhalawar, Pali and Jaisalmer. The finest come from the quarries in Rajasthan in India. ARCHITECTURAL ADVANTAGE
• Easy Maintenance • Tough (for high footfall area and exterior walls.) • Non-Stain • Non-Slip • Non-Porous • Easy to Clean • No Sealer Required • Durable (200 years) • Fireproof APPLICATIONS: Floorings, Roofing, Paving, Wall Cladding, Landscaping and ornamental works (Go to Gallery) COLORS: (From South-India) • K.K. White • Lime green • Dyed Red • N. Green • T. Yellow • Lilac • Lime Black • Copper Pink • Lime Pink • Multi Pink • Chocolate • M. Green • Grey Rust Black • Vijay Gold • Indian Autumn (from North-India) • Silver shine • Copper Pink • Zeera • Ocean Grey • Grey • D. Green • Netted Patterns in Copper/ G. Green/Grey/Teak SIZES: Tiles - 6"x6" | 3"x9" | 24"x24" | 24"x18" | Slabs – 6’x3’ | 8 ‘x 4’ | Cut to size THICKNESS: 10mm / 20 mm SHAPES: rectangular, triangular, irregular, custom shapes, lumps and chips FINISH: Natural, Polished, natural cleft, honed & flamed. ARTEFACTS: Patios, Countertops, Fountains, Fireplaces, Tables, Furnitures. (Go to artifacts section for more)
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