Sparrow Risk Management Private Limited

A coordination study consists of the selection or setting of all series protective devices from the load upstream to the power supply. In selecting or setting these protective devices, a comparison is made of the operating times of all the devices in response to various levels of overcurrent. The objective is to design a selectively coordinated electrical power system.

Proper application and coordination of over-current relays and other protective devices is vital in a system requiring reliable electrical service. expert engineers bring the critical experience needed for the proper application of ANSI and NEC requirements to equipment protection.

In addition to relays that respond to short circuits, low-voltage breakers, differential, directional, power, under-voltage, out-of-step, and other special protective relays often need to be set.

The best distribution system is one that will, cost - effectively and safely, supply adequate electric service to both present and future probable loads - this section is included to aid in selecting, designing and installing such a system. The function of the electric power distribution system in a building or an installation site is to receive power at one or more supply points and to deliver it to the individual lamps, motors and all other electrically operated devices. The importance of the distribution system to the function of a building makes it almost imperative that the best system be designed and installed. In order to design the best distribution system, the system design engineer must have information concerning the loads and a knowledge of the various types of distribution systems that are applicable. The various categories of buildings have many specific design challenges, but certain basic principles are common to all. Such principles, if followed, will provide a soundly executed design.

The National Electrical Code (NEC), NFPA Standard No. 70, is the most prevalent electrical code in the United States. The NEC, which is revised every three years, has no legal standing of its own, until it is adopted as law by a jurisdiction, which may be a city, county or state. Most jurisdictions adopt the NEC in its entirety; some adopt it with variations, usually more rigid, to suit local conditions and requirements.

The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970 sets uniform national requirements for safety in the workplace - anywhere that people are employed. Originally OSHA adopted the 1971 NEC as rules for electrical safety. As the NEC was amended every three years, the involved process for modifying a federal law such as OSHA made it impossible for the act to adopt each new code revision. To avoid this problem, the OSHA administration in 1981 adopted its own code, a condensed version of the NEC containing only those provisions considered related to occupational safety. OSHA was amended to adopt this code, based on NFPA Standard 70E, Part 1, which is now federal law.

The objective is to perform power flow analysis and voltage drop calculations with accuracy and reliability. In this step we calculate bus voltages, branch power factors, currents and power losses. Load Flow Analyzer allows the user to compare numerous study cases at a glance in detail. Perform AC, DC, single-phase and three-phase load flow studies on your network concurrently, no hassle only results.

• To check the voltage profile at different voltage Switchgear bus for normal & contingency operating conditions & recommend suitable corrective action.
• To observe active/reactive power flow pattern to establish sufficiency/addition of Power factor correction devices.
• To check the adequacy of continuous ratings of various equipment's.
• To determine the system losses for optimization.

• Calculate the loading on transformers & Electrical Panels.
• Calculate the voltage drop.
• Verify the transformer tap settings.
• Calculate kVar losses.

The utility wants to know the voltage profile:

• the nodal voltages for a given load and generation schedule from the load flow solution
• the voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus could be determined and hence the active and reactive power flow in each line could be calculated

The Arc Flash Analysis used to determine worst case arc flash energy levels. Arc Flash Analysis identifies and analyzes high risk arc flash areas in your electrical power system.

• Arcing fault magnitude
• Device clearing time
• Duration of arc
• Arc flash boundary
• Working distance
• Incident energy
• Limited approach boundary
• Restricted approach boundary
• Prohibited approach boundary
• Recommendations for new equipment and/or system changes necessary to reduce the calculated arc flash energy level below 40 cal/cm2, where possible. General recommendations for arc flash hazard reduction will also be discussed.

Labels will be 4 inch X 4 inch thermal transfer type label of high adhesion polyester for each work location analyzed and will be machine printed, with no field markings. The label shall have an orange header with the wording, “WARNING, SHOCK & ARC FLASH HAZARD”, and shall include the following Location designation

• Nominal voltage
• Arc flash boundary
• Incident energy
• Working distance
• Limited approach boundary
• Restricted approach boundary
• Prohibited approach boundary
• Engineering report number, revision number and issue date.

• Arc flash study based on IEEE 1584 2002-2004
• Arc flash study in compliance with NFPA® 70E 2015
• 1-phase, 3-phase arc flash hazard calculations
• Star protective device coordination.
• Arc Flash Result Analyzer
• PPE Requirements Approval

A coordination study consists of the selection or setting of all series protective devices from the load upstream to the power supply. In selecting or setting these protective devices, a comparison is made of the operating times of all the devices in response to various levels of overcurrent. The objective is to design a selectively coordinated electrical power system.

Proper application and coordination of over-current relays and other protective devices is vital in a system requiring reliable electrical service. expert engineers bring the critical experience needed for the proper application of ANSI and NEC requirements to equipment protection.

In addition to relays that respond to short circuits, low-voltage breakers, differential, directional, power, under-voltage, out-of-step, and other special protective relays often need to be set.

• Time overcurrent setting (phase)
• Time overcurrent setting (earth)
• Instantaneous overcurrent setting (Phase)
• Instantaneous overcurrent setting (earth)

To the extent possible the audit will follow all applicable standards (international)

Objective of Fault Level Calculations:

Fault Level At Any Given Point Of The Electric Power Supply Network Is The Maximum Current That Would Flow In Case Of A Short Circuit Fault At That Point.And The Process By Which It Is Measured With Mathamatical And Systematic Methdology Is Know As Fault Level Calculations

This study will determine:

When performing fault calculations we usually assume that the system voltage at the point of the fault is the same as the nominal system voltage at that point. Another commonly made assumption is that the load current flowing in the system is negligible compared with the size of the fault current.

The process of calculating three-phase fault levels can be described in four main steps:

• Step 1 - System single line diagram
• Step 2 - Develop equivalent circuit expressing all parameters in per unit values:
• Step 3 - Apply circuit reduction techniques
• Step 4 - Calculate fault level and fault current

• The Fault Level Calculation Procedure Followed Is As Given In Is 13234-1992
• (Indian Standard Guide for Calculating Short Circuit Currents in AC Electrical Networks up to 220kV)